diff --git a/src/adf/document.ts b/src/adf/document.ts
index aa67faa..772dd34 100644
--- a/src/adf/document.ts
+++ b/src/adf/document.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { ConvertFault } from '../result.ts'
-import { everyInTree, isJsonValue, overNested, type JsonValue } from '../json-value.ts'
+import { isJsonValue, overNested, type JsonValue } from '../json-value.ts'
 import { largestNesting } from '../nesting.ts'
 import { serializeCanonicalJson } from '../canonical-json.ts'
 
@@ -123,16 +123,21 @@ export function nodeMarks(node: { marks?: AdfMark[] }): readonly AdfMark[] {
 }
 
 function isNodeArray(value: readonly unknown[]): value is readonly AdfNode[] {
-  return everyInTree(value, (node) => {
-    if (!isRecord(node) || !holdsOnly(node, nodeKeys)) return undefined
-    if (typeof node['type'] !== 'string') return undefined
-    if ('attrs' in node && !isAttributes(node['attrs'])) return undefined
-    if ('marks' in node && !isArrayOf(node['marks'], isAdfMark)) return undefined
-    if ('text' in node && typeof node['text'] !== 'string') return undefined
-    if (!('content' in node)) return []
-    const content = node['content']
-    return Array.isArray(content) ? [...content] : undefined
-  })
+  const pending: unknown[] = [...value]
+  while (pending.length > 0) {
+    const node = pending.pop()
+    if (!isRecord(node) || !holdsOnly(node, nodeKeys)) return false
+    if (typeof node['type'] !== 'string') return false
+    if ('attrs' in node && !isAttributes(node['attrs'])) return false
+    if ('marks' in node && !isArrayOf(node['marks'], isAdfMark)) return false
+    if ('text' in node && typeof node['text'] !== 'string') return false
+    if ('content' in node) {
+      const content = node['content']
+      if (!Array.isArray(content)) return false
+      for (const child of content) pending.push(child)
+    }
+  }
+  return true
 }
 
 function marksKey(marks: readonly AdfMark[]): string {
diff --git a/src/json-value.ts b/src/json-value.ts
index f444ee1..6448b4d 100644
--- a/src/json-value.ts
+++ b/src/json-value.ts
@@ -2,36 +2,23 @@ import { largestNesting } from './nesting.ts'
 
 export type JsonValue = JsonValue[] | boolean | null | number | string | { [key: string]: JsonValue }
 
-// Tracks ancestors alone: a tree may share an object, but one holding itself would walk forever.
-export function everyInTree(roots: readonly unknown[], children: (item: unknown) => readonly unknown[] | undefined): boolean {
-  const pending = Array.from(roots, (item) => ({ depth: 0, item }))
-  const ancestors: unknown[] = []
-  const onPath = new Set<unknown>()
+export function isJsonValue(value: unknown): value is JsonValue {
+  const pending: unknown[] = [value]
   while (pending.length > 0) {
-    const entry = pending.pop()
-    if (entry === undefined) continue
-    while (ancestors.length > entry.depth) onPath.delete(ancestors.pop())
-    if (onPath.has(entry.item)) return false
-    const held = children(entry.item)
-    if (held === undefined) return false
-    if (held.length === 0) continue
-    ancestors.push(entry.item)
-    onPath.add(entry.item)
-    for (const child of held) pending.push({ depth: entry.depth + 1, item: child })
+    const item = pending.pop()
+    if (item === null || typeof item === 'boolean' || typeof item === 'string') continue
+    if (typeof item === 'number') {
+      if (!Number.isFinite(item)) return false
+      continue
+    }
+    // A hole is not a JSON value, and Array.prototype methods skip holes — spreading materialises them.
+    if (Array.isArray(item)) for (const child of [...item]) pending.push(child)
+    else if (typeof item === 'object') for (const child of Object.values(item)) pending.push(child)
+    else return false
   }
   return true
 }
 
-export function isJsonValue(value: unknown): value is JsonValue {
-  return everyInTree([value], (item) => {
-    if (item === null || typeof item === 'boolean' || typeof item === 'string') return []
-    if (typeof item === 'number') return Number.isFinite(item) ? [] : undefined
-    // A hole is not a JSON value, and Array.prototype methods skip holes — spreading materialises them.
-    if (Array.isArray(item)) return [...item]
-    return typeof item === 'object' ? Object.values(item) : undefined
-  })
-}
-
 export function nestingDepth(value: unknown): number {
   const pending: { depth: number; item: unknown }[] = [{ depth: 0, item: value }]
   let deepest = 0