diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 08a92e1..b55b6f1 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -125,9 +125,12 @@ live Atlassian APIs; property-generated ADF trees; the CommonMark spec suite aga
   `matchEmphasis` transcribes the reference `process_emphasis` line for line, and its closer walk and
   opener search stay whole: broken into named steps they drift from the algorithm being faithful is
   the whole point of.
-- A readable spelling tried ahead of a general one — the image, the pipe table, a pipe cell —
-  returns `string | undefined`, never a `Result`: any failure is the fallback signal, and the
-  general form owns the refusal. Refusing there refuses a document the general form spells.
+- A readable spelling tried ahead of a general one — a CommonMark block, the image, the pipe
+  table, a pipe cell — gives way with `undefined` for every shape it cannot spell, and fails only
+  where the general form fails on the same node. Refusing there refuses a document the general
+  form spells, so a refusal the general form does not share belongs in the general form or
+  nowhere — save the nested list a tight spelling would swallow, whose refusal the
+  tight-versus-blank answer owns (`todo.md` 2b).
 - Nothing recurses unbounded: the guards walk iteratively, and blocks, marks and JSON values — an
   attribute's and a carried node's alike — are all held to 500 levels, so a deep document is a
   `Result` rather than the stack overflow that waits near 2000.
diff --git a/corpus/unspellable/block-local-id.json b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/block-local-id.json
similarity index 100%
rename from corpus/unspellable/block-local-id.json
rename to corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/block-local-id.json
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/block-local-id.md b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/block-local-id.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..914cf26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/block-local-id.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+:::paragraph {localId=01a03d5c-9b21-73f4-8e6a-0c47b1d9e2f8}
+Every block node in the schema carries one.
+:::
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/opaque-carry/code-block-adf.json b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-adf.json
similarity index 100%
rename from corpus/round-trip/opaque-carry/code-block-adf.json
rename to corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-adf.json
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-adf.md b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-adf.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac62a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-adf.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+:::codeBlock {language=adf}
+```
+{
+  "type": "blockCard"
+}
+```
+:::
+
+:::codeBlock {language=adf}
+````
+```
+````
+:::
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-attributes.json b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..383c929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+{
+  "content": [
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "hideLineNumbers": true,
+        "language": "rust",
+        "localId": "01a0431d-201b-70a7-81fa-8d0072e09eab",
+        "uniqueId": "4478e39c",
+        "wrap": true
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "fn main() {}",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "codeBlock"
+    },
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "language": "a`b"
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "x",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "codeBlock"
+    },
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "language": " sql"
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "SELECT 1",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "codeBlock"
+    },
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "language": "adf"
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "y",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "codeBlock"
+    },
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "panelType": "info"
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "attrs": {
+            "language": "text",
+            "wrap": true
+          },
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "text": ":::",
+              "type": "text"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "codeBlock"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "panel"
+    }
+  ],
+  "type": "doc",
+  "version": 1
+}
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-attributes.md b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-attributes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1684d8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-attributes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+:::codeBlock {hideLineNumbers=true localId=01a0431d-201b-70a7-81fa-8d0072e09eab uniqueId=4478e39c wrap=true}
+```rust
+fn main() {}
+```
+:::
+
+:::codeBlock {language="a\u0060b"}
+```
+x
+```
+:::
+
+:::codeBlock {language=" sql"}
+```
+SELECT 1
+```
+:::
+
+:::codeBlock {language="\u0026#97;df"}
+```
+y
+```
+:::
+
+::::panel info
+:::codeBlock {wrap=true}
+```text
+:::
+```
+:::
+::::
diff --git a/corpus/unspellable/code-block-empty-language.json b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-empty-language.json
similarity index 100%
rename from corpus/unspellable/code-block-empty-language.json
rename to corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-empty-language.json
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-empty-language.md b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-empty-language.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d6da9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/code-block-empty-language.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+:::codeBlock {language=""}
+```
+cargo build --release
+```
+:::
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-blocks.json b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-blocks.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98b4515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-blocks.json
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+{
+  "content": [
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "level": 2,
+        "localId": "01a0431d-2014-737c-a1bf-f9daedab6de3"
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "Release checklist",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "heading"
+    },
+    {
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "Centred.",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "marks": [
+        {
+          "attrs": {
+            "align": "center"
+          },
+          "type": "alignment"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "paragraph"
+    },
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "localId": "01a0431d-2015-737f-afad-33064295ad4f"
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "attrs": {
+            "localId": "01a0431d-2016-7abb-823f-c0942934c878"
+          },
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "content": [
+                {
+                  "text": "Tag the commit",
+                  "type": "text"
+                }
+              ],
+              "type": "paragraph"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "listItem"
+        },
+        {
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "content": [
+                {
+                  "text": "Push the tag",
+                  "type": "text"
+                }
+              ],
+              "type": "paragraph"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "listItem"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "bulletList"
+    },
+    {
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "content": [
+                {
+                  "text": "Loosen the clamp",
+                  "type": "text"
+                }
+              ],
+              "type": "paragraph"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "listItem"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "orderedList"
+    },
+    {
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "attrs": {
+            "localId": "01a0431d-2017-72cf-baf3-8934a54e0582"
+          },
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "text": "Hold the line.",
+              "type": "text"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "paragraph"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "blockquote"
+    },
+    {
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "attrs": {
+                "localId": "01a0431d-2018-7667-a769-ab0037ca80aa"
+              },
+              "content": [
+                {
+                  "text": "Indented.",
+                  "type": "text"
+                }
+              ],
+              "type": "paragraph"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "listItem"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "bulletList"
+    },
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "localId": "01a0431d-2019-76b7-bf6f-13841363b111"
+      },
+      "type": "rule"
+    },
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "localId": "01a0431d-201a-7a65-bea7-84b441c85bd6"
+      },
+      "type": "paragraph"
+    }
+  ],
+  "type": "doc",
+  "version": 1
+}
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-blocks.md b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-blocks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fc5c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-blocks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+:::heading {level=2 localId=01a0431d-2014-737c-a1bf-f9daedab6de3}
+Release checklist
+:::
+
+:::paragraph {marks="[{\"attrs\":{\"align\":\"center\"},\"type\":\"alignment\"}]"}
+Centred.
+:::
+
+::::bulletList {localId=01a0431d-2015-737f-afad-33064295ad4f}
+:::listItem {localId=01a0431d-2016-7abb-823f-c0942934c878}
+Tag the commit
+:::
+:::listItem
+Push the tag
+:::
+::::
+
+::::orderedList
+:::listItem
+Loosen the clamp
+:::
+::::
+
+> :::paragraph {localId=01a0431d-2017-72cf-baf3-8934a54e0582}
+> Hold the line.
+> :::
+
+- :::paragraph {localId=01a0431d-2018-7667-a769-ab0037ca80aa}
+  Indented.
+  :::
+
+::rule {localId=01a0431d-2019-76b7-bf6f-13841363b111}
+
+::paragraph {localId=01a0431d-201a-7a65-bea7-84b441c85bd6}
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-values.json b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-values.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2c1dbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-values.json
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+{
+  "content": [
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "level": 7
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "Seventh",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "heading"
+    },
+    {
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "Levelless",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "heading"
+    },
+    {
+      "attrs": {
+        "order": 999999998
+      },
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "content": [
+                {
+                  "text": "One",
+                  "type": "text"
+                }
+              ],
+              "type": "paragraph"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "listItem"
+        },
+        {
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "content": [
+                {
+                  "text": "Two",
+                  "type": "text"
+                }
+              ],
+              "type": "paragraph"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "listItem"
+        },
+        {
+          "content": [
+            {
+              "content": [
+                {
+                  "text": "Three",
+                  "type": "text"
+                }
+              ],
+              "type": "paragraph"
+            }
+          ],
+          "type": "listItem"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "orderedList"
+    }
+  ],
+  "type": "doc",
+  "version": 1
+}
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-values.md b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-values.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7745f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/commonmark-values.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+:::heading {level=7}
+Seventh
+:::
+
+:::heading
+Levelless
+:::
+
+::::orderedList {order=999999998}
+:::listItem
+One
+:::
+:::listItem
+Two
+:::
+:::listItem
+Three
+:::
+::::
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/task-list.json b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/task-list.json
index b0a148f..b1758df 100644
--- a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/task-list.json
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/task-list.json
@@ -75,6 +75,12 @@
                 }
               ],
               "type": "taskItem"
+            },
+            {
+              "attrs": {
+                "state": "TODO"
+              },
+              "type": "taskItem"
             }
           ],
           "type": "taskList"
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/task-list.md b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/task-list.md
index e4f3f22..030cce1 100644
--- a/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/task-list.md
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/block-nodes/task-list.md
@@ -14,5 +14,6 @@ Then sign off.
 :::taskItem TODO {localId=01a033bd-a22d-7fb5-be9d-89d1aa261112}
 Nested step
 :::
+::taskItem TODO
 ::::
 :::::
diff --git a/corpus/unspellable/ordered-list-start-one.json b/corpus/round-trip/commonmark-subset/ordered-list-start-one.json
similarity index 100%
rename from corpus/unspellable/ordered-list-start-one.json
rename to corpus/round-trip/commonmark-subset/ordered-list-start-one.json
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/commonmark-subset/ordered-list-start-one.md b/corpus/round-trip/commonmark-subset/ordered-list-start-one.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f1e0bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/commonmark-subset/ordered-list-start-one.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1. Loosen the clamp
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/inline-nodes/hard-break-attributes.json b/corpus/round-trip/inline-nodes/hard-break-attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c81b7ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/inline-nodes/hard-break-attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+{
+  "content": [
+    {
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "One",
+          "type": "text"
+        },
+        {
+          "attrs": {
+            "localId": "01a0431d-201e-7400-a175-9c04d3628f95"
+          },
+          "type": "hardBreak"
+        },
+        {
+          "text": "Two",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "paragraph"
+    },
+    {
+      "content": [
+        {
+          "text": "Three",
+          "type": "text"
+        },
+        {
+          "attrs": {
+            "text": "\n"
+          },
+          "type": "hardBreak"
+        },
+        {
+          "text": "Four",
+          "type": "text"
+        }
+      ],
+      "type": "paragraph"
+    }
+  ],
+  "type": "doc",
+  "version": 1
+}
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/inline-nodes/hard-break-attributes.md b/corpus/round-trip/inline-nodes/hard-break-attributes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bcc6f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/corpus/round-trip/inline-nodes/hard-break-attributes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+One:hardBreak{localId=01a0431d-201e-7400-a175-9c04d3628f95}Two
+
+Three:hardBreak{text="\n"}Four
diff --git a/corpus/round-trip/opaque-carry/code-block-adf.md b/corpus/round-trip/opaque-carry/code-block-adf.md
deleted file mode 100644
index cd39eb0..0000000
--- a/corpus/round-trip/opaque-carry/code-block-adf.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-```adf
-{
-  "attrs": {
-    "language": "adf"
-  },
-  "content": [
-    {
-      "text": "{\n  \"type\": \"blockCard\"\n}",
-      "type": "text"
-    }
-  ],
-  "type": "codeBlock"
-}
-```
-
-````adf
-{
-  "attrs": {
-    "language": "adf"
-  },
-  "content": [
-    {
-      "text": "```",
-      "type": "text"
-    }
-  ],
-  "type": "codeBlock"
-}
-````
diff --git a/corpus/unspellable/block-local-id.error b/corpus/unspellable/block-local-id.error
deleted file mode 100644
index b4a73d2..0000000
--- a/corpus/unspellable/block-local-id.error
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-unspelled-node-attribute
diff --git a/corpus/unspellable/code-block-empty-language.error b/corpus/unspellable/code-block-empty-language.error
deleted file mode 100644
index 01daa5e..0000000
--- a/corpus/unspellable/code-block-empty-language.error
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-ambiguous-attribute-spelling
diff --git a/corpus/unspellable/ordered-list-start-one.error b/corpus/unspellable/ordered-list-start-one.error
deleted file mode 100644
index 01daa5e..0000000
--- a/corpus/unspellable/ordered-list-start-one.error
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-ambiguous-attribute-spelling
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 3e0afb0..0d74b30 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     "node": ">=24"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "test": "node --test --experimental-test-coverage --test-coverage-exclude=\"src/**/*.test.ts\" --test-coverage-branches=95 --test-coverage-functions=100 --test-coverage-lines=100 \"src/**/*.test.ts\"",
+    "test": "node --test --experimental-test-coverage --test-coverage-exclude=\"src/**/*.test.ts\" --test-coverage-branches=96 --test-coverage-functions=100 --test-coverage-lines=100 \"src/**/*.test.ts\"",
     "typecheck": "tsc --noEmit"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/spec/flavour.md b/spec/flavour.md
index 0106017..bcc356e 100644
--- a/spec/flavour.md
+++ b/spec/flavour.md
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@ normalizes to it through the round-trip.
   cannot parse (intra-word). Strike is GFM strikethrough narrowed to exactly two tildes — a
   single tilde or a run of three or more is literal text — and block structure resolves before
   inline, so a `~~~` line opens a CommonMark tilde code fence.
-- Bullet lists `- `; ordered lists incrementing `1.` `2.` `3.`, the first number taken from the
-  node's `order` attribute. Continuation lines align with the first character after the marker
-  (two spaces for `- `, three for `1. `); blank lines inside an item are empty lines, none before
-  a nested list. Blank lines between items normalize away; ADF does not record tightness.
+- Bullet lists `- `; ordered lists incrementing `1.` `2.` `3.`, the first number the node's
+  `order` attribute. Continuation lines align with the first character after the marker
+  (two spaces for `- `, three for `1. `); blank lines inside an item are empty lines, none
+  between a nested list and a CommonMark block above it. Blank lines between items normalize
+  away; ADF does not record tightness.
 - Blockquotes prefix lines with `> `; a blank line inside a blockquote is a bare `>`.
 - ATX headings (`#` … `######`); setext input normalizes to ATX.
 - Code fences ``` with the node's language as info string, the fence lengthened past any backtick
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ normalizes to it through the round-trip.
   inside it, directive syntax and `~~` included.
 - Thematic break `---`.
 - Hard break: backslash at end of line (survives editors that trim trailing spaces). Where
-  CommonMark admits no spelling — the end of a block, inside a heading — it is `:hardBreak{}`.
+  CommonMark admits no spelling — the end of a block, inside an ATX heading — or where the node
+  carries an attribute, it is the inline directive.
 - An empty paragraph — real payloads carry them — is `::paragraph`.
 - Links `[text](url)`; `<…>` around a destination containing spaces; title in double quotes.
   `<url>` autolink form only when the text equals the destination and the destination is a valid
@@ -84,7 +86,8 @@ fence or opaque carry is content. Canonical form uses minimal lengths.
 Directive fence lines follow code-fence indentation (up to three spaces relative to their
 container); trailing whitespace on a fence line is tolerated in input, never emitted.
 
-**Leaf block**: `::name {attrs}` — a block-position node with no body.
+**Leaf block**: `::name arg {attrs}` — a block-position node with no body, `arg` reading as
+above.
 
 **Claiming at block level**, symmetric with inline: a line whose leading run of two or more
 colons is followed immediately by a name character is claimed and must parse fully as a container
@@ -125,8 +128,9 @@ positions canonicalize differently, each fitting where it sits:
 - **Inline position**: `:adf{json="…"}` — compact serialization (keys sorted, no whitespace),
   JSON-string-escaped into the attribute.
 
-The info string `adf` is reserved: a genuine `codeBlock` whose `language` is exactly `adf` is
-itself emitted through the opaque carry, so the reservation stays absolute and stays lossless.
+The info string `adf` is reserved: a genuine `codeBlock` whose `language` is exactly `adf` takes
+the attribute the section below keeps for a language no info string holds, so the reservation
+stays absolute.
 In block-directive positions (`::adf`, `:::adf`) the reserved name is a named error — the
 carry's block form is the fence.
 
@@ -153,14 +157,44 @@ editor-normal ADF reads an empty attrs object, marks array or content array as t
 
 Marks on a block node ride the reserved attribute key `marks` — the node's marks array as a
 `json` value: `::::layoutSection {marks="[{\"attrs\":{\"mode\":\"wide\"},\"type\":\"breakout\"}]"}`.
-Three child nodes hold inline content rather than blocks (`caption`, `decisionItem`,
-`taskItem`): their body is at most one paragraph, whose inline content becomes the node's
-`content`; any other body is a named error.
+A section saying its body is inline takes at most one paragraph, whose inline content becomes
+the node's `content`; any other body is a named error, and a node holding no content is the leaf.
 
 A node the sections cannot spell rides the opaque carry: an attrs key its section does not
 list, a value that is not the section's type, or an arg-slot value that is no bare token. In
 markdown input the same mismatch is a named error.
 
+### The CommonMark blocks
+
+CommonMark spells `blockquote`, `bulletList`, `codeBlock`, `heading`, `listItem`, `orderedList`,
+`paragraph` and `rule`, and keeps that spelling wherever it holds what the node carries. What it
+cannot — `localId` (string) on any of them, marks, and the values below — takes the directive
+form.
+
+- `blockquote`, `bulletList`, `listItem` — containers, block body; no attributes beyond `localId`.
+- `codeBlock` — container, body one fenced code block whose info string is the language and whose
+  content is the node's. Attributes: `hideLineNumbers` (boolean), `language` (string), `localId`,
+  `uniqueId` (string), `wrap` (boolean). A language no info string carries back — empty, the
+  reserved `adf`, or holding a backtick, a backslash, a control character, edge whitespace or an
+  entity reference — rides the `language` attribute instead and the fence carries no info string;
+  writing both is a named error.
+- `heading` — container, inline body. Attributes: `level` (number), `localId`. `level` is the `#`
+  count, so a heading carrying none, or one that is no whole number from 1 to 6, has no CommonMark
+  spelling.
+- `orderedList` — container of `listItem`, block body. Attributes: `localId`, `order` (number).
+  `order` is the first marker, so a list carrying none, one that is no whole number from 0, or one
+  whose markers would run past 999999999, has no CommonMark spelling.
+- `paragraph` — container, inline body; no attributes beyond `localId`.
+- `rule` — leaf; no attributes beyond `localId`.
+
+````
+:::codeBlock {localId=01a03d5c-9b21-73f4-8e6a-0c47b1d9e2f8 wrap=true}
+```rust
+fn main() {}
+```
+:::
+````
+
 ### Panel
 
 Container; the arg is `panelType` (`custom` `error` `info` `note` `success` `tip` `warning`).
@@ -331,15 +365,16 @@ attributes. The other three share: `extensionKey` (string), `extensionType` (str
 ## Inline nodes
 
 Attributes and the carry fallback read as in the block sections, the carry in its inline form. Of
-the nodes below, those with a `text` attribute spell it in the content slot as plain text: `[]` is
-the empty string, absent content is the absent attribute, non-empty content parsing to anything
-but one unmarked text node — adjacent identical-mark text nodes merged first — is a named
-error, and so is a `text` key in `{attrs}`. An enclosing mark spelling does not reach into the
-slot. The rest take no content, `:text` included; content on a node that takes none is a named
-error.
+the nodes below, `emoji`, `mention` and `status` spell their `text` attribute in the content slot
+as plain text: `[]` is the empty string, absent content is the absent attribute, non-empty content
+parsing to anything but one unmarked text node — adjacent identical-mark text nodes merged first —
+is a named error, and so is a `text` key in `{attrs}`. An enclosing mark spelling does not reach
+into the slot. The rest take no content, `:text` included; content on a node that takes none is a
+named error.
 
 - `date` — `localId` (string), `timestamp` (string, epoch milliseconds).
 - `emoji` — `id` (string), `localId` (string), `shortName` (string, `:name:`), `text` (string).
+- `hardBreak` — `localId` (string), `text` (string).
 - `inlineCard` — `data` (json), `localId` (string), `url` (string); real payloads carry one or
   the other.
 - `mediaInline` — `alt` (string), `collection` (string), `data` (json), `height` (number), `id`
diff --git a/src/adf-document.ts b/src/adf-document.ts
index 0bd22a6..f85ac28 100644
--- a/src/adf-document.ts
+++ b/src/adf-document.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ const documentKeys = ['content', 'type', 'version']
 const markKeys = ['attrs', 'type']
 const nodeKeys = ['attrs', 'content', 'marks', 'text', 'type']
 
+export function carriesOnly(node: AdfNode, attributes: readonly string[]): boolean {
+  if ((node.marks ?? []).length > 0 || node.text !== undefined) return false
+  return holdsOnly(node.attrs ?? {}, attributes)
+}
+
 export function isAdfDocument(value: unknown): value is AdfDocument {
   if (!isRecord(value) || !holdsOnly(value, documentKeys)) return false
   if (value['type'] !== 'doc') return false
diff --git a/src/adf-to-markdown.test.ts b/src/adf-to-markdown.test.ts
index 6a7f150..6774b34 100644
--- a/src/adf-to-markdown.test.ts
+++ b/src/adf-to-markdown.test.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ function path(result: Result<string>): readonly (number | string)[] {
 }
 
 test('names the node a refusal came from', () => {
-  const unspellable: AdfNode = { attrs: { localId: 'a' }, type: 'paragraph' }
+  const unspellable: AdfNode = { text: 'x', type: 'paragraph' }
   const list: AdfNode = { content: [{ content: [paragraph({ text: 'x', type: 'text' })], type: 'listItem' }, { content: [unspellable], type: 'listItem' }], type: 'bulletList' }
   assert.deepEqual(path(adfToMarkdown(document(paragraph({ text: 'x', type: 'text' }), list))), ['content', 1, 'content', 1, 'content', 0])
   assert.deepEqual(path(adfToMarkdown(document(paragraph({ text: 'x', type: 'text' }, { type: 'text' })))), ['content', 0, 'content', 1])
@@ -41,28 +41,37 @@ test('refuses a document version the markdown cannot carry', () => {
   assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown({ type: 'doc', version: 2 })), 'unsupported-document-version')
 })
 
-test('refuses an attribute the canonical form does not spell', () => {
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { localId: 'a' }, type: 'paragraph' }))), 'unspelled-node-attribute')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { wrap: true }, type: 'codeBlock' }))), 'unspelled-node-attribute')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document(paragraph({ attrs: { localId: 'a' }, type: 'hardBreak' }, { text: 'x', type: 'text' })))), 'unspelled-node-attribute')
+test('carries a text node attribute no spelling holds', () => {
+  assert.equal(
+    markdown(adfToMarkdown(document(paragraph({ attrs: { localId: 'a' }, text: 'x', type: 'text' })))),
+    ':adf{json="{\\"attrs\\":{\\"localId\\":\\"a\\"},\\"text\\":\\"x\\",\\"type\\":\\"text\\"}"}\n',
+  )
 })
 
-test('refuses marks on a block node', () => {
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ marks: [{ type: 'border' }], type: 'blockquote' }))), 'unspelled-block-marks')
+test('spells a CommonMark block as a directive where its own spelling holds neither attribute nor mark', () => {
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { localId: 'a' }, type: 'paragraph' }))), '::paragraph {localId=a}\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { wrap: true }, type: 'codeBlock' }))), ':::codeBlock {wrap=true}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document(paragraph({ attrs: { localId: 'a' }, type: 'hardBreak' }, { text: 'x', type: 'text' })))), ':hardBreak{localId=a}x\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ marks: [{ type: 'border' }], type: 'blockquote' }))), ':::blockquote {marks="[{\\"type\\":\\"border\\"}]"}\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ type: 'listItem' }))), ':::listItem\n:::\n')
 })
 
-test('refuses an ordered list whose markdown start is ambiguous', () => {
+test('spells an ordered list from the order attribute its first marker is', () => {
   const items: AdfNode[] = [{ content: [paragraph({ text: 'x', type: 'text' })], type: 'listItem' }]
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: items, type: 'orderedList' }))), 'ambiguous-attribute-spelling')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { order: 1 }, content: items, type: 'orderedList' }))), 'ambiguous-attribute-spelling')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: items, type: 'orderedList' }))), '::::orderedList\n:::listItem\nx\n:::\n::::\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { order: 1 }, content: items, type: 'orderedList' }))), '1. x\n')
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { order: 2 }, content: items, type: 'orderedList' }))), '2. x\n')
 })
 
-test('refuses the code block info strings the fence cannot hold', () => {
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { language: '' }, type: 'codeBlock' }))), 'ambiguous-attribute-spelling')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { language: 'a`b' }, type: 'codeBlock' }))), 'unspellable-code-block-language')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { language: ' sql' }, type: 'codeBlock' }))), 'unspellable-code-block-language')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { language: '&#97;df' }, type: 'codeBlock' }))), 'unspellable-code-block-language')
+test('spells a code block language no info string holds as an attribute', () => {
+  const language = (value: string): string => markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { language: value }, type: 'codeBlock' })))
+  assert.equal(language(''), ':::codeBlock {language=""}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(language('a`b'), ':::codeBlock {language="a\\u0060b"}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(language(' sql'), ':::codeBlock {language=" sql"}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(language('&#97;df'), ':::codeBlock {language="\\u0026#97;df"}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(language('foo\\+bar'), ':::codeBlock {language="foo\\\\+bar"}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(language('a\u0000b'), ':::codeBlock {language="a\\u0000b"}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(language('a\tb'), ':::codeBlock {language="a\\tb"}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
 })
 
 test('refuses a link destination CommonMark cannot spell', () => {
@@ -131,15 +140,11 @@ test('carries a node type no section spells', () => {
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ type: 'toString' }))), '```adf\n{\n  "type": "toString"\n}\n```\n')
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document(paragraph({ type: 'blockCard' })))), ':adf{json="{\\"type\\":\\"blockCard\\"}"}\n')
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ text: 'x', type: 'text' }))), '```adf\n{\n  "text": "x",\n  "type": "text"\n}\n```\n')
-  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ type: 'listItem' }))), '```adf\n{\n  "type": "listItem"\n}\n```\n')
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ type: 'hardBreak' }))), '```adf\n{\n  "type": "hardBreak"\n}\n```\n')
 })
 
-test('carries the code block whose language is the reserved info string', () => {
-  assert.equal(
-    markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { language: 'adf' }, type: 'codeBlock' }))),
-    '```adf\n{\n  "attrs": {\n    "language": "adf"\n  },\n  "type": "codeBlock"\n}\n```\n',
-  )
+test('spells the code block whose language is the reserved info string', () => {
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { language: 'adf' }, type: 'codeBlock' }))), ':::codeBlock {language=adf}\n```\n```\n:::\n')
 })
 
 test('breaks a mark run at the node it carries', () => {
@@ -161,18 +166,21 @@ test('refuses a carried node nested deeper than the emitter carries', () => {
 test('refuses a node whose content model the canonical form cannot emit', () => {
   assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [paragraph()], type: 'codeBlock' }))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
   assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [{ content: [{ text: 'lost', type: 'text' }], text: 'x', type: 'text' }], type: 'codeBlock' }))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [paragraph()], type: 'bulletList' }))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ type: 'bulletList' }))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { order: 2 }, content: [], type: 'orderedList' }))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
 })
 
-test('refuses an ordered list no marker spells', () => {
+test('spells a list its own content shape cannot hold as a directive', () => {
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [paragraph()], type: 'bulletList' }))), ':::bulletList\n::paragraph\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ type: 'bulletList' }))), ':::bulletList\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { order: 2 }, content: [], type: 'orderedList' }))), ':::orderedList {order=2}\n:::\n')
+})
+
+test('spells an ordered list no marker fits as a directive', () => {
   const item: AdfNode = { content: [paragraph({ text: 'x', type: 'text' })], type: 'listItem' }
   const list = (order: number, items: number): AdfDocument =>
     document({ attrs: { order }, content: Array.from({ length: items }, () => item), type: 'orderedList' })
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(list(1.5, 1))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(list(1.5, 1))), '::::orderedList {order="1.5"}\n:::listItem\nx\n:::\n::::\n')
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(list(999999999, 1))), '999999999. x\n')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(list(999999999, 2))), 'unspellable-list-marker')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(list(999999999, 2))), '::::orderedList {order=999999999}\n:::listItem\nx\n:::\n:::listItem\nx\n:::\n::::\n')
 })
 
 test('carries a code mark over anything but text', () => {
@@ -182,9 +190,9 @@ test('carries a code mark over anything but text', () => {
   )
 })
 
-test('refuses a heading level outside the ATX range', () => {
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { level: 7 }, content: [{ text: 'x', type: 'text' }], type: 'heading' }))), 'unsupported-heading-level')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [{ text: 'x', type: 'text' }], type: 'heading' }))), 'unsupported-heading-level')
+test('spells a heading level no ATX heading fits as a directive', () => {
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { level: 7 }, content: [{ text: 'x', type: 'text' }], type: 'heading' }))), ':::heading {level=7}\nx\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [{ text: 'x', type: 'text' }], type: 'heading' }))), ':::heading\nx\n:::\n')
 })
 
 test('escapes only text that would otherwise open a construct', () => {
@@ -322,12 +330,12 @@ test('escapes a hyphen underline a hard break would expose', () => {
   assert.equal(line('=='), 'foo\\\n\\==\n')
 })
 
-test('refuses a list item whose marker completes a thematic break', () => {
+test('spells a list item whose marker completes a thematic break as a directive', () => {
   const item = (...content: AdfNode[]): AdfNode => ({ content, type: 'listItem' })
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [item({ type: 'rule' })], type: 'bulletList' }))), 'unspellable-line-start')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [item({ type: 'rule' })], type: 'bulletList' }))), '::::bulletList\n:::listItem\n---\n:::\n::::\n')
   const nested: AdfNode = { content: [item({ content: [item()], type: 'bulletList' })], type: 'bulletList' }
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document(nested))), '- -\n')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [item(nested)], type: 'bulletList' }))), 'unspellable-line-start')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [item(nested)], type: 'bulletList' }))), '::::bulletList\n:::listItem\n- -\n:::\n::::\n')
 })
 
 test('refuses the characters CommonMark rewrites', () => {
@@ -383,7 +391,8 @@ test('spells a block directive as its node type, arg and attributes', () => {
   const panel = (attrs: AdfAttributes): AdfDocument => document({ attrs, content: [paragraph({ text: 'x', type: 'text' })], type: 'panel' })
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(panel({ panelType: 'warning' }))), ':::panel warning\nx\n:::\n')
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(panel({}))), ':::panel\nx\n:::\n')
-  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ type: 'caption' }))), ':::caption\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ content: [{ text: 'x', type: 'text' }], type: 'caption' }))), ':::caption\nx\n:::\n')
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ type: 'caption' }))), '::caption\n')
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { localId: 'a' }, type: 'syncBlock' }))), '::syncBlock {localId=a}\n')
 })
 
@@ -430,9 +439,10 @@ test('separates two directive blocks in a container body by one line, two Common
   const text = (value: string): AdfNode => ({ content: [{ text: value, type: 'text' }], type: 'paragraph' })
   const panel = (...content: AdfNode[]): AdfDocument => document({ attrs: { panelType: 'info' }, content, type: 'panel' })
   assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(panel(text('a'), text('b')))), ':::panel info\na\n\nb\n:::\n')
-  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(panel({ type: 'caption' }, { type: 'caption' }))), '::::panel info\n:::caption\n:::\n:::caption\n:::\n::::\n')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(panel(text('a'), { type: 'caption' }))), 'unspelled-block-separation')
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(panel({ type: 'caption' }, text('a')))), 'unspelled-block-separation')
+  const caption: AdfNode = { content: [{ text: 'c', type: 'text' }], type: 'caption' }
+  assert.equal(markdown(adfToMarkdown(panel(caption, caption))), '::::panel info\n:::caption\nc\n:::\n:::caption\nc\n:::\n::::\n')
+  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(panel(text('a'), caption))), 'unspelled-block-separation')
+  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(panel(caption, text('a')))), 'unspelled-block-separation')
   assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(panel(paragraph(), text('a')))), 'unspelled-block-separation')
 })
 
@@ -452,6 +462,9 @@ test('spells the image form for exactly the centered external media shape', () =
   assert.ok(fallback({ alt: 4, type: 'external', url }))
   assert.ok(fallback({ type: 'external', url: 4 }))
   assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(single({ type: 'external', url }, paragraph()))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
+  const media: AdfNode = { attrs: { type: 'external', url }, type: 'media' }
+  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { layout: 'center' }, content: [media], text: 'x', type: 'mediaSingle' }))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
+  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(document({ attrs: { layout: 'center' }, content: [{ ...media, text: 'x' }], type: 'mediaSingle' }))), 'unsupported-node-shape')
 })
 
 test('spells a mediaSingle the image form does not fit as a directive', () => {
@@ -480,7 +493,7 @@ test('spells a table as a pipe table only where every row and cell is plain', ()
   assert.ok(directive(adfToMarkdown(table(cell('tableHeader', text('Part'))))))
   assert.ok(directive(adfToMarkdown(table(row(cell('tableHeader'))))))
   assert.ok(directive(adfToMarkdown(table(row(cell('tableHeader', text('a'), text('b')))))))
-  assert.equal(code(adfToMarkdown(table(row(cell('tableHeader', { attrs: { localId: 'a' }, type: 'paragraph' }))))), 'unspelled-node-attribute')
+  assert.ok(directive(adfToMarkdown(table(row(cell('tableHeader', { attrs: { localId: 'a' }, type: 'paragraph' }))))))
   assert.equal(
     markdown(adfToMarkdown(table(row(cell('tableHeader', { content: [{ attrs: { url: 'a|b' }, type: 'blockCard' }], type: 'paragraph' }))))),
     '| :adf{json="{\\"attrs\\":{\\"url\\":\\"a\\u007cb\\"},\\"type\\":\\"blockCard\\"}"} |\n| --- |\n',
diff --git a/src/adf-to-markdown.ts b/src/adf-to-markdown.ts
index 4fec162..64a89a0 100644
--- a/src/adf-to-markdown.ts
+++ b/src/adf-to-markdown.ts
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import { emitInlineLine } from './markdown-inline.ts'
 import { tryPipeTable } from './markdown-pipe-table.ts'
 import { carriedBlock, carryName } from './opaque-carry.ts'
 import { failure, success, type ConvertErrorPath, type Result } from './result.ts'
-import { holdsEntityReference, holdsNullCharacter, isThematicBreak } from './commonmark-grammar.ts'
-import { isAdfDocument } from './adf-document.ts'
+import { holdsControlCharacter, holdsEntityReference, holdsNullCharacter, isThematicBreak } from './commonmark-grammar.ts'
+import { carriesOnly, isAdfDocument } from './adf-document.ts'
 import { largestNesting } from './nesting.ts'
 import { fencedCodeBlock } from './backtick-runs.ts'
 
@@ -54,17 +54,19 @@ function emitBlocks(nodes: readonly AdfNode[], container: BlockContainer, path:
 }
 
 function separationBetween(previous: PlacedBlock, next: PlacedBlock, container: BlockContainer): Result<string> {
-  if (listTypes.includes(next.node.type) && previous.node.type === next.node.type) {
-    return failure('unspellable-adjacent-lists', `two adjacent ${next.node.type} nodes read back as one list`, next.path)
-  }
-  if (container === 'list-item' && listTypes.includes(next.node.type)) {
-    if (!interruptsParagraph(next.node)) {
-      return failure('unspellable-line-start', `a ${next.node.type} that cannot interrupt the block above it has no tight spelling`, next.path)
+  const plainPair = previous.spelling === 'commonmark' && next.spelling === 'commonmark'
+  if (plainPair && listTypes.includes(next.node.type)) {
+    if (previous.node.type === next.node.type) {
+      return failure('unspellable-adjacent-lists', `two adjacent ${next.node.type} nodes read back as one list`, next.path)
+    }
+    if (container === 'list-item') {
+      if (!interruptsParagraph(next.node)) {
+        return failure('unspellable-line-start', `a ${next.node.type} that cannot interrupt the block above it has no tight spelling`, next.path)
+      }
+      return success('\n')
     }
-    return success('\n')
   }
-  if (container !== 'directive') return success('\n\n')
-  if (previous.spelling === 'commonmark' && next.spelling === 'commonmark') return success('\n\n')
+  if (container !== 'directive' || plainPair) return success('\n\n')
   if (previous.spelling === 'directive' && next.spelling === 'directive') return success('\n')
   return failure(
     'unspelled-block-separation',
@@ -79,19 +81,27 @@ function interruptsParagraph(node: AdfNode): boolean {
 }
 
 function emitBlock(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBlock> {
-  if (node.type === 'blockquote') return commonMarkContainer(emitBlockquote(node, path, depth))
-  if (node.type === 'bulletList' || node.type === 'orderedList') return commonMarkContainer(emitList(node, path, depth))
-  if (node.type === 'codeBlock') return commonMarkLine(emitCodeBlock(node, path))
-  if (node.type === 'heading') return commonMarkLine(emitHeading(node, path))
-  if (node.type === 'paragraph') return emitParagraph(node, path)
-  if (node.type === 'rule') return commonMarkLine(emitRule(node, path))
   const directive = blockDirective(node.type)
-  if (directive !== undefined) {
-    if (node.type === 'mediaSingle') return emitMediaSingle(node, directive, path, depth)
-    if (node.type === 'table') return emitTable(node, directive, path, depth)
-    return emitDirectiveBlock(node, directive, path, depth)
-  }
-  return commonMarkLine(carriedBlock(node, path))
+  if (directive === undefined) return commonMarkLine(carriedBlock(node, path))
+  const readable = readableBlock(node, path, depth)
+  if (readable !== undefined) return readable
+  return emitDirectiveBlock(node, directive, path, depth)
+}
+
+function readableBlock(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBlock> | undefined {
+  if (node.type === 'blockquote') return emitBlockquote(node, path, depth)
+  if (node.type === 'bulletList' || node.type === 'orderedList') return emitList(node, path, depth)
+  if (node.type === 'codeBlock') return emitCodeBlock(node, path)
+  if (node.type === 'heading') return emitHeading(node, path)
+  if (node.type === 'mediaSingle') return readableText(tryImage(node, path))
+  if (node.type === 'paragraph') return emitParagraph(node, path)
+  if (node.type === 'rule') return emitRule(node)
+  if (node.type === 'table') return readableText(tryPipeTable(node, path))
+  return undefined
+}
+
+function readableText(text: string | undefined): Result<EmittedBlock> | undefined {
+  return text === undefined ? undefined : success(commonMarkText(text))
 }
 
 function commonMarkLine(text: Result<string>): Result<EmittedBlock> {
@@ -103,18 +113,16 @@ function commonMarkText(text: string): EmittedBlock {
   return { fenceColons: 0, spelling: 'commonmark', text }
 }
 
-function commonMarkContainer(body: Result<EmittedBody>): Result<EmittedBlock> {
-  if (!body.ok) return body
-  return success({ ...body.value, spelling: 'commonmark' })
-}
-
 function emitDirectiveBlock(node: AdfNode, directive: BlockDirective, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBlock> {
   if (node.text !== undefined) return failure('unsupported-node-shape', `a ${node.type} carries no text`, path)
   const content = node.content ?? []
   if (directive.body === 'none' && content.length > 0) return failure('unsupported-node-shape', `a ${node.type} holds no content`, path)
+  if (directive.body === 'code') return emitCodeDirective(node, directive, path)
   const header = spellDirectiveHeader(node, directive)
   if (header === undefined) return commonMarkLine(carriedBlock(node, path))
-  if (directive.body === 'none') return success({ fenceColons: 2, spelling: 'directive', text: `::${header}` })
+  if (directive.body === 'none' || (directive.body === 'inline' && content.length === 0)) {
+    return success({ fenceColons: 2, spelling: 'directive', text: `::${header}` })
+  }
   const body = directive.body === 'inline' ? emitInlineBody(content, path) : emitBlocks(content, 'directive', path, depth + 1)
   if (!body.ok) return body
   const fenceColons = Math.max(3, body.value.fenceColons + 1)
@@ -124,42 +132,41 @@ function emitDirectiveBlock(node: AdfNode, directive: BlockDirective, path: Conv
 }
 
 function emitInlineBody(content: readonly AdfNode[], path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<EmittedBody> {
-  if (content.length === 0) return success({ fenceColons: 0, text: '' })
   const line = emitInlineLine(content, 'paragraph', path)
   if (!line.ok) return line
   return success({ fenceColons: 0, text: line.value })
 }
 
-function emitMediaSingle(node: AdfNode, directive: BlockDirective, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBlock> {
-  const image = tryImage(node, path)
-  if (image === undefined) return emitDirectiveBlock(node, directive, path, depth)
-  return success(commonMarkText(image))
-}
-
-function emitTable(node: AdfNode, directive: BlockDirective, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBlock> {
-  const pipe = tryPipeTable(node, path)
-  if (pipe === undefined) return emitDirectiveBlock(node, directive, path, depth)
-  return success(commonMarkText(pipe))
-}
-
-function emitBlockquote(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBody> {
-  const validation = validateBlockNode(node, [], path)
-  if (!validation.ok) return validation
+function emitBlockquote(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBlock> | undefined {
+  if (!carriesOnly(node, [])) return undefined
   const inner = emitBlocks(node.content ?? [], 'document', path, depth + 1)
   if (!inner.ok) return inner
   const text = inner.value.text
     .split('\n')
     .map((line) => (line === '' ? '>' : `> ${line}`))
     .join('\n')
-  return success({ fenceColons: inner.value.fenceColons, text })
+  return success({ fenceColons: inner.value.fenceColons, spelling: 'commonmark', text })
 }
 
-function emitCodeBlock(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<string> {
-  if (node.attrs?.['language'] === carryName) return carriedBlock(node, path)
-  const validation = validateBlockNode(node, ['language'], path)
-  if (!validation.ok) return validation
-  const info = spellCodeFenceInfo(node.attrs?.['language'], path)
-  if (!info.ok) return info
+function emitCodeBlock(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<EmittedBlock> | undefined {
+  if (!carriesOnly(node, ['language'])) return undefined
+  const info = fenceInfo(node.attrs?.['language'])
+  if (info === undefined) return undefined
+  const text = codeBlockText(node, path)
+  if (!text.ok) return text
+  return success(commonMarkText(fencedCodeBlock(info, text.value)))
+}
+
+function emitCodeDirective(node: AdfNode, directive: BlockDirective, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<EmittedBlock> {
+  const info = fenceInfo(node.attrs?.['language'])
+  const header = spellDirectiveHeader(node, directive, info === undefined ? [] : ['language'])
+  if (header === undefined) return commonMarkLine(carriedBlock(node, path))
+  const text = codeBlockText(node, path)
+  if (!text.ok) return text
+  return success({ fenceColons: 3, spelling: 'directive', text: `:::${header}\n${fencedCodeBlock(info ?? '', text.value)}\n:::` })
+}
+
+function codeBlockText(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<string> {
   let text = ''
   for (const [index, child] of (node.content ?? []).entries()) {
     const childPath = [...path, 'content', index]
@@ -177,113 +184,74 @@ function emitCodeBlock(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<string> {
     if (holdsNullCharacter(child.text)) return failure('unspellable-character', 'a codeBlock holds a null character CommonMark replaces', childPath)
     text += child.text
   }
-  return success(fencedCodeBlock(info.value, text))
+  return success(text)
 }
 
-function spellCodeFenceInfo(language: JsonValue | undefined, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<string> {
-  if (language === undefined) return success('')
-  if (typeof language !== 'string') return failure('unsupported-node-shape', 'a codeBlock language is no string', path)
-  if (language === '') {
-    return failure('ambiguous-attribute-spelling', 'an empty codeBlock language and an absent one share one markdown spelling', path)
-  }
-  if (/[`\n\r]/.test(language) || language !== language.trim()) {
-    return failure('unspellable-code-block-language', 'a fence info string holds no backtick and no edge whitespace', path)
-  }
-  if (holdsEntityReference(language)) {
-    return failure('unspellable-code-block-language', 'a fence info string shaped like an entity reference decodes on the way back', path)
-  }
-  return success(language)
+// spec/flavour.md, The CommonMark blocks.
+function fenceInfo(language: JsonValue | undefined): string | undefined {
+  if (language === undefined) return ''
+  if (typeof language !== 'string' || language === '' || language === carryName) return undefined
+  if (/[`\\]/.test(language) || holdsControlCharacter(language) || language !== language.trim() || holdsEntityReference(language)) return undefined
+  return language
 }
 
-function emitHeading(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<string> {
-  const validation = validateBlockNode(node, ['level'], path)
-  if (!validation.ok) return validation
+function emitHeading(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<EmittedBlock> | undefined {
+  if (!carriesOnly(node, ['level'])) return undefined
   const level = node.attrs?.['level']
-  if (typeof level !== 'number' || !Number.isInteger(level) || level < 1 || level > 6) {
-    return failure('unsupported-heading-level', `no ATX heading spells level ${JSON.stringify(level ?? null)}`, path)
-  }
+  if (typeof level !== 'number' || !Number.isInteger(level) || level < 1 || level > 6) return undefined
   const hashes = '#'.repeat(level)
   const content = node.content ?? []
-  if (content.length === 0) return success(hashes)
+  if (content.length === 0) return success(commonMarkText(hashes))
   const line = emitInlineLine(content, 'heading', path)
   if (!line.ok) return line
-  return success(`${hashes} ${line.value}`)
+  return success(commonMarkText(`${hashes} ${line.value}`))
 }
 
-function emitList(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBody> {
+function emitList(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBlock> | undefined {
   const ordered = node.type === 'orderedList'
-  const validation = validateBlockNode(node, ordered ? ['order'] : [], path)
-  if (!validation.ok) return validation
+  if (!carriesOnly(node, ordered ? ['order'] : [])) return undefined
   const items = node.content ?? []
-  const start = listStart(node, items.length, path)
-  if (!start.ok) return start
+  const start = listStart(node, items.length)
+  if (start === undefined || items.length === 0) return undefined
+  if (items.some((item) => item.type !== 'listItem' || !carriesOnly(item, []))) return undefined
   const lines: string[] = []
   let fenceColons = 0
   for (const [offset, item] of items.entries()) {
-    const itemPath = [...path, 'content', offset]
-    if (item.type !== 'listItem') return failure('unsupported-node-shape', `a ${node.type} holds listItem nodes only`, itemPath)
-    const emitted = emitListItem(item, ordered ? `${start.value + offset}. ` : '- ', itemPath, depth)
+    const emitted = emitListItem(item, ordered ? `${start + offset}. ` : '- ', [...path, 'content', offset], depth)
+    if (emitted === undefined) return undefined
     if (!emitted.ok) return emitted
     fenceColons = Math.max(fenceColons, emitted.value.fenceColons)
     lines.push(emitted.value.text)
   }
-  return success({ fenceColons, text: lines.join('\n') })
+  return success({ fenceColons, spelling: 'commonmark', text: lines.join('\n') })
 }
 
-function listStart(node: AdfNode, items: number, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<number> {
-  if (items === 0) return failure('unsupported-node-shape', `a ${node.type} holds at least one listItem`, path)
-  if (node.type !== 'orderedList') return success(0)
+function listStart(node: AdfNode, items: number): number | undefined {
+  if (node.type !== 'orderedList') return 0
   const start = node.attrs?.['order']
-  if (start === undefined || start === 1) {
-    return failure('ambiguous-attribute-spelling', 'an orderedList starting at 1 and one with no order share one markdown spelling', path)
-  }
-  if (typeof start !== 'number' || !Number.isInteger(start) || start < 0 || start > largestListMarker) {
-    return failure('unsupported-node-shape', `no list marker spells the order ${JSON.stringify(start)}`, path)
-  }
-  if (start + items - 1 > largestListMarker) {
-    return failure('unspellable-list-marker', `no list marker spells the ${items} items a list starting at ${start} needs`, path)
-  }
-  return success(start)
+  if (typeof start !== 'number' || !Number.isInteger(start) || start < 0 || start > largestListMarker) return undefined
+  return start + items - 1 > largestListMarker ? undefined : start
 }
 
-function emitListItem(item: AdfNode, marker: string, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBody> {
-  const validation = validateBlockNode(item, [], path)
-  if (!validation.ok) return validation
+function emitListItem(item: AdfNode, marker: string, path: ConvertErrorPath, depth: number): Result<EmittedBody> | undefined {
   const inner = emitBlocks(item.content ?? [], 'list-item', path, depth + 1)
   if (!inner.ok) return inner
   if (inner.value.text === '') return success({ fenceColons: 0, text: marker.trimEnd() })
   const indent = ' '.repeat(marker.length)
   const lines = inner.value.text.split('\n').map((line, index) => (index === 0 ? `${marker}${line}` : line === '' ? '' : `${indent}${line}`))
-  const first = lines[0] ?? ''
-  if (isThematicBreak(first)) {
-    return failure('unspellable-line-start', `block parsing would claim the emitted line ${JSON.stringify(first)}`, path)
-  }
+  if (isThematicBreak(lines[0] ?? '')) return undefined
   return success({ fenceColons: inner.value.fenceColons, text: lines.join('\n') })
 }
 
-function emitParagraph(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<EmittedBlock> {
-  const validation = validateBlockNode(node, [], path)
-  if (!validation.ok) return validation
+function emitParagraph(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<EmittedBlock> | undefined {
   const content = node.content ?? []
-  if (content.length === 0) return success({ fenceColons: 2, spelling: 'directive', text: '::paragraph' })
-  return commonMarkLine(emitInlineLine(content, 'paragraph', path))
+  if (content.length === 0 || !carriesOnly(node, [])) return undefined
+  const line = emitInlineLine(content, 'paragraph', path)
+  if (!line.ok) return line
+  return success(commonMarkText(line.value))
 }
 
-function emitRule(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<string> {
-  const validation = validateBlockNode(node, [], path)
-  if (!validation.ok) return validation
-  if ((node.content ?? []).length > 0) return failure('unsupported-node-shape', 'a rule holds no content', path)
-  return success('---')
-}
-
-function validateBlockNode(node: AdfNode, spelled: readonly string[], path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<null> {
-  if ((node.marks ?? []).length > 0) {
-    return failure('unspelled-block-marks', `the canonical form has no place for the marks a ${node.type} carries`, path)
-  }
-  if (node.text !== undefined) return failure('unsupported-node-shape', `a ${node.type} carries no text`, path)
-  const unspelled = Object.keys(node.attrs ?? {}).find((key) => !spelled.includes(key))
-  if (unspelled !== undefined) {
-    return failure('unspelled-node-attribute', `the ${node.type} attribute ${unspelled} has no canonical markdown spelling`, path)
-  }
-  return success(null)
+function emitRule(node: AdfNode): Result<EmittedBlock> | undefined {
+  if (!carriesOnly(node, []) || (node.content ?? []).length > 0) return undefined
+  return success(commonMarkText('---'))
 }
diff --git a/src/block-directives.ts b/src/block-directives.ts
index 934ebbd..817689e 100644
--- a/src/block-directives.ts
+++ b/src/block-directives.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { isBareToken, spellAttributes, spellJsonAttribute, vocabularyPairs } fro
 export type BlockDirective = {
   argument?: string
   attributes: AttributeVocabulary
-  body: 'block' | 'inline' | 'none'
+  body: 'block' | 'code' | 'inline' | 'none'
 }
 
 const cellAttributes: AttributeVocabulary = {
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const extensionAttributes: AttributeVocabulary = {
   text: 'string',
 }
 
-const itemAttributes: AttributeVocabulary = { localId: 'string' }
+const localIdAttributes: AttributeVocabulary = { localId: 'string' }
 
 const mediaAttributes: AttributeVocabulary = {
   alt: 'string',
@@ -45,44 +45,56 @@ const mediaAttributes: AttributeVocabulary = {
 const syncBlockAttributes: AttributeVocabulary = { localId: 'string', resourceId: 'string' }
 
 const blockDirectives: Readonly<Record<string, BlockDirective>> = {
-  blockTaskItem: { argument: 'state', attributes: itemAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  blockTaskItem: { argument: 'state', attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  blockquote: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'block' },
   bodiedExtension: { attributes: extensionAttributes, body: 'block' },
   bodiedSyncBlock: { attributes: syncBlockAttributes, body: 'block' },
-  caption: { attributes: itemAttributes, body: 'inline' },
+  bulletList: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  caption: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'inline' },
+  codeBlock: {
+    attributes: { hideLineNumbers: 'boolean', language: 'string', localId: 'string', uniqueId: 'string', wrap: 'boolean' },
+    body: 'code',
+  },
   decisionItem: { attributes: { localId: 'string', state: 'string' }, body: 'inline' },
-  decisionList: { attributes: itemAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  decisionList: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'block' },
   expand: { attributes: expandAttributes, body: 'block' },
   extension: { attributes: extensionAttributes, body: 'none' },
   extensionFrame: { attributes: {}, body: 'block' },
+  heading: { attributes: { level: 'number', localId: 'string' }, body: 'inline' },
   layoutColumn: { attributes: { localId: 'string', valign: 'string', width: 'number' }, body: 'block' },
-  layoutSection: { attributes: itemAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  layoutSection: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  listItem: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'block' },
   media: { attributes: mediaAttributes, body: 'none' },
   mediaGroup: { attributes: {}, body: 'block' },
   mediaSingle: { attributes: { layout: 'string', localId: 'string', width: 'number', widthType: 'string' }, body: 'block' },
   multiBodiedExtension: { attributes: extensionAttributes, body: 'block' },
   nestedExpand: { attributes: expandAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  orderedList: { attributes: { localId: 'string', order: 'number' }, body: 'block' },
   panel: {
     argument: 'panelType',
     attributes: { localId: 'string', panelColor: 'string', panelIcon: 'string', panelIconId: 'string', panelIconText: 'string' },
     body: 'block',
   },
+  paragraph: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'inline' },
+  rule: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'none' },
   syncBlock: { attributes: syncBlockAttributes, body: 'none' },
   table: { attributes: { displayMode: 'string', isNumberColumnEnabled: 'boolean', layout: 'string', localId: 'string', width: 'number' }, body: 'block' },
   tableCell: { attributes: cellAttributes, body: 'block' },
   tableHeader: { attributes: cellAttributes, body: 'block' },
-  tableRow: { attributes: itemAttributes, body: 'block' },
-  taskItem: { argument: 'state', attributes: itemAttributes, body: 'inline' },
-  taskList: { attributes: itemAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  tableRow: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'block' },
+  taskItem: { argument: 'state', attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'inline' },
+  taskList: { attributes: localIdAttributes, body: 'block' },
 }
 
 export function blockDirective(type: string): BlockDirective | undefined {
   return Object.hasOwn(blockDirectives, type) ? blockDirectives[type] : undefined
 }
 
-export function spellDirectiveHeader(node: AdfNode, directive: BlockDirective): string | undefined {
+export function spellDirectiveHeader(node: AdfNode, directive: BlockDirective, spelledByBody: readonly string[] = []): string | undefined {
   const argument = spellArgument(node, directive)
   if (argument === undefined) return undefined
-  const pairs = vocabularyPairs(node.attrs ?? {}, directive.attributes, directive.argument)
+  const spelled = directive.argument === undefined ? spelledByBody : [directive.argument, ...spelledByBody]
+  const pairs = vocabularyPairs(node.attrs ?? {}, directive.attributes, spelled)
   if (pairs === undefined) return undefined
   const marks = node.marks ?? []
   if (marks.length > 0) pairs.push(['marks', spellJsonAttribute(markValues(marks))])
diff --git a/src/directive-attributes.ts b/src/directive-attributes.ts
index 53a8988..b93492d 100644
--- a/src/directive-attributes.ts
+++ b/src/directive-attributes.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ export function isBareToken(text: string): boolean {
   return bareToken.test(text)
 }
 
-export function vocabularyPairs(attrs: AdfAttributes, vocabulary: AttributeVocabulary, slot: string | undefined): [string, string][] | undefined {
+export function vocabularyPairs(attrs: AdfAttributes, vocabulary: AttributeVocabulary, spelledElsewhere: readonly string[]): [string, string][] | undefined {
   const pairs: [string, string][] = []
   for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(attrs)) {
-    if (key === slot) continue
+    if (spelledElsewhere.includes(key)) continue
     const kind = Object.hasOwn(vocabulary, key) ? vocabulary[key] : undefined
     if (kind === undefined) return undefined
     const spelled = spellAttributeValue(value, kind)
diff --git a/src/inline-directives.ts b/src/inline-directives.ts
index d18c258..eaad116 100644
--- a/src/inline-directives.ts
+++ b/src/inline-directives.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ export type MarkSpelling =
 const inlineDirectives: Readonly<Record<string, InlineDirective>> = {
   date: { attributes: { localId: 'string', timestamp: 'string' } },
   emoji: { attributes: { id: 'string', localId: 'string', shortName: 'string' }, slot: 'text' },
+  hardBreak: { attributes: { localId: 'string', text: 'string' } },
   inlineCard: { attributes: { data: 'json', localId: 'string', url: 'string' } },
   mediaInline: {
     attributes: {
@@ -52,11 +53,11 @@ export function markSpelling(type: string): MarkSpelling | undefined {
 }
 
 export function spellInlineNodeAttributes(node: AdfNode, directive: InlineDirective): string | undefined {
-  const pairs = vocabularyPairs(node.attrs ?? {}, directive.attributes, directive.slot)
+  const pairs = vocabularyPairs(node.attrs ?? {}, directive.attributes, directive.slot === undefined ? [] : [directive.slot])
   return pairs === undefined ? undefined : spellAttributes(pairs)
 }
 
 export function spellMarkAttributes(mark: AdfMark, vocabulary: AttributeVocabulary): string | undefined {
-  const pairs = vocabularyPairs(mark.attrs ?? {}, vocabulary, undefined)
+  const pairs = vocabularyPairs(mark.attrs ?? {}, vocabulary, [])
   return pairs === undefined ? undefined : spellAttributes(pairs)
 }
diff --git a/src/markdown-image.ts b/src/markdown-image.ts
index 77b7cd8..1eaf509 100644
--- a/src/markdown-image.ts
+++ b/src/markdown-image.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { AdfNode } from './adf-document.ts'
+import { carriesOnly } from './adf-document.ts'
 import type { ConvertErrorPath } from './result.ts'
 import { serializeCanonicalJson } from './canonical-json.ts'
 import { tryImageLine } from './markdown-inline.ts'
@@ -15,12 +16,12 @@ export function tryImage(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): string | undefi
 function imageShape(node: AdfNode): { alt: string | undefined; url: string } | undefined {
   const content = node.content ?? []
   const media = content[0]
-  if (serializeCanonicalJson(node.attrs ?? {}, 'compact') !== centeredMediaSingle || (node.marks ?? []).length > 0) return undefined
-  if (media === undefined || content.length !== 1 || media.type !== 'media' || (media.marks ?? []).length > 0 || (media.content ?? []).length > 0) return undefined
+  if (!carriesOnly(node, ['layout']) || serializeCanonicalJson(node.attrs ?? {}, 'compact') !== centeredMediaSingle) return undefined
+  if (media === undefined || content.length !== 1 || media.type !== 'media' || !carriesOnly(media, imageAttributes) || (media.content ?? []).length > 0) return undefined
   const attrs = media.attrs ?? {}
   const alt = attrs['alt']
   const url = attrs['url']
-  if (Object.keys(attrs).some((key) => !imageAttributes.includes(key)) || attrs['type'] !== 'external' || typeof url !== 'string') return undefined
+  if (attrs['type'] !== 'external' || typeof url !== 'string') return undefined
   if (alt !== undefined && (typeof alt !== 'string' || alt === '')) return undefined
   return { alt, url }
 }
diff --git a/src/markdown-inline.ts b/src/markdown-inline.ts
index d6b2fa6..b1bdea8 100644
--- a/src/markdown-inline.ts
+++ b/src/markdown-inline.ts
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ function nodePath(context: InlineContext, index: number): ConvertErrorPath {
 
 function carries(node: AdfNode, carried: ReadonlySet<number>, index: number): boolean {
   if (carried.has(index)) return true
-  return node.type !== 'hardBreak' && node.type !== 'text' && inlineDirective(node.type) === undefined
+  return node.type !== 'text' && inlineDirective(node.type) === undefined
 }
 
 function emitLeaf(node: AdfNode, context: InlineContext, index: number): Result<Emission> {
@@ -187,18 +187,18 @@ function emitLeaf(node: AdfNode, context: InlineContext, index: number): Result<
   const types = (node.marks ?? []).map((mark) => mark.type)
   if (new Set(types).size !== types.length) return failure('unsupported-node-shape', `a ${node.type} node carries one mark type twice`, path)
   const directive = inlineDirective(node.type)
-  if (directive !== undefined) return emitInlineDirective(node, directive, index, path)
-  if (node.type === 'hardBreak') return emitHardBreak(node, context, path)
-  return emitText(node, context, path)
+  if (directive === undefined) return emitText(node, context, index, path)
+  if (node.type === 'hardBreak') return emitHardBreak(node, directive, context, index, path)
+  return emitInlineDirective(node, directive, index, path)
 }
 
-function emitHardBreak(node: AdfNode, context: InlineContext, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<Emission> {
-  const unspelled = Object.keys(node.attrs ?? {})[0]
-  if (unspelled !== undefined) return failure('unspelled-node-attribute', `the hardBreak attribute ${unspelled} has no canonical markdown spelling`, path)
+function emitHardBreak(node: AdfNode, directive: InlineDirective, context: InlineContext, index: number, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<Emission> {
   const empty = refuseContentAndText(node, path)
   if (!empty.ok) return empty
-  if (context.spansLines && !context.atBlockEnd) return success({ segments: [syntax('\\\n')] })
-  return success({ segments: [syntax(spellLeafDirective('hardBreak', ''))] })
+  const attributes = spellInlineNodeAttributes(node, directive)
+  if (attributes === undefined) return success({ carry: { first: index, last: index } })
+  if (attributes === '' && context.spansLines && !context.atBlockEnd) return success({ segments: [syntax('\\\n')] })
+  return success({ segments: [syntax(spellLeafDirective('hardBreak', attributes))] })
 }
 
 function emitInlineDirective(node: AdfNode, directive: InlineDirective, index: number, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<Emission> {
@@ -215,9 +215,8 @@ function emitInlineDirective(node: AdfNode, directive: InlineDirective, index: n
   return success({ segments: [syntax(`:${node.type}[`), ...content, syntax(`]${attributes}`)] })
 }
 
-function emitText(node: AdfNode, context: InlineContext, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<Emission> {
-  const unspelled = Object.keys(node.attrs ?? {})[0]
-  if (unspelled !== undefined) return failure('unspelled-node-attribute', `the text attribute ${unspelled} has no canonical markdown spelling`, path)
+function emitText(node: AdfNode, context: InlineContext, index: number, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<Emission> {
+  if (Object.keys(node.attrs ?? {}).length > 0) return success({ carry: { first: index, last: index } })
   if (typeof node.text !== 'string' || node.text === '') return failure('unsupported-node-shape', 'a text node holds text', path)
   if ((node.content ?? []).length > 0) return failure('unsupported-node-shape', 'a text node holds no content', path)
   if (/\r/.test(node.text)) return failure('unspellable-whitespace', 'a text node holds a carriage return CommonMark rewrites', path)
diff --git a/src/markdown-pipe-table.ts b/src/markdown-pipe-table.ts
index 0487fbc..8756a69 100644
--- a/src/markdown-pipe-table.ts
+++ b/src/markdown-pipe-table.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import type { AdfNode } from './adf-document.ts'
+import { carriesOnly } from './adf-document.ts'
 import { tryPipeCell } from './markdown-inline.ts'
 import type { ConvertErrorPath } from './result.ts'
 
@@ -23,16 +24,16 @@ export function tryPipeTable(node: AdfNode, path: ConvertErrorPath): string | un
 function pipeRows(node: AdfNode): AdfNode[][] | undefined {
   const rows = node.content ?? []
   const columns = (rows[0]?.content ?? []).length
-  if (!isPlain(node) || columns === 0) return undefined
+  if (!carriesOnly(node, []) || columns === 0) return undefined
   const grid: AdfNode[][] = []
   for (const [index, row] of rows.entries()) {
     const cells = row.content ?? []
-    if (row.type !== 'tableRow' || !isPlain(row) || cells.length !== columns) return undefined
+    if (row.type !== 'tableRow' || !carriesOnly(row, []) || cells.length !== columns) return undefined
     const wanted = index === 0 ? 'tableHeader' : 'tableCell'
     const paragraphs: AdfNode[] = []
     for (const cell of cells) {
       const paragraph = plainParagraph(cell)
-      if (paragraph === undefined || cell.type !== wanted || !isPlain(cell)) return undefined
+      if (paragraph === undefined || cell.type !== wanted || !carriesOnly(cell, [])) return undefined
       paragraphs.push(paragraph)
     }
     grid.push(paragraphs)
@@ -40,13 +41,9 @@ function pipeRows(node: AdfNode): AdfNode[][] | undefined {
   return grid
 }
 
-function isPlain(node: AdfNode): boolean {
-  return Object.keys(node.attrs ?? {}).length === 0 && (node.marks ?? []).length === 0 && node.text === undefined
-}
-
 function plainParagraph(cell: AdfNode): AdfNode | undefined {
   const content = cell.content ?? []
   const paragraph = content[0]
-  if (paragraph === undefined || content.length !== 1 || paragraph.type !== 'paragraph' || !isPlain(paragraph)) return undefined
+  if (paragraph === undefined || content.length !== 1 || paragraph.type !== 'paragraph' || !carriesOnly(paragraph, [])) return undefined
   return paragraph
 }
diff --git a/src/result.ts b/src/result.ts
index 533c8e2..6c705a9 100644
--- a/src/result.ts
+++ b/src/result.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,13 @@
 export type ConvertErrorCode =
-  | 'ambiguous-attribute-spelling'
   | 'not-an-adf-document'
   | 'unspellable-adjacent-lists'
   | 'unspellable-character'
-  | 'unspellable-code-block-language'
   | 'unspellable-line-start'
   | 'unspellable-link-destination'
   | 'unspellable-link-title'
-  | 'unspellable-list-marker'
   | 'unspellable-whitespace'
-  | 'unspelled-block-marks'
   | 'unspelled-block-separation'
-  | 'unspelled-node-attribute'
   | 'unsupported-document-version'
-  | 'unsupported-heading-level'
   | 'unsupported-node-shape'
 
 export type ConvertErrorPath = readonly (number | string)[]
diff --git a/todo.md b/todo.md
index 9039eb1..e9f975f 100644
--- a/todo.md
+++ b/todo.md
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ detail is settled at its own milestone.
   - [x] **1d3 — Inline nodes and marks**: date, emoji, inlineCard, mediaInline, mention, status;
         border, subsup, textColor, underline; the content slot's `text` attribute and the
         `:text{text="…"}` whitespace spelling.
-- [ ] **2 — `adfToMarkdown`.** First real code. Each sub-item turns one corpus directory green;
+- [x] **2 — `adfToMarkdown`.** First real code. Each sub-item turns one corpus directory green;
       the two that have no fixtures yet write them in the same chunk, tests first (§10).
   - [x] **2a — The runner and the CommonMark subset.** The corpus runner: walk
         `corpus/round-trip/`, assert `adfToMarkdown` emits each `.md` byte for byte. Decide here
@@ -65,7 +65,10 @@ detail is settled at its own milestone.
         the inline carry. `commonmark-subset/` green.
   - [x] **2b — Block nodes.** `block-nodes/` green. A nested list that cannot interrupt the block
         above it is refused meanwhile, not spelled: the maintainer's answer on tight-versus-blank
-        separation turns that refusal into an emission. Block separation becomes
+        separation turns that refusal into an emission. The test is broader than the name it
+        carries — `interruptsParagraph` reads the next list alone, so a list after a block no
+        paragraph continues, a code block say, is refused too — and the same answer narrows it.
+        Block separation becomes
         `separationBetween(previous, next, container)` here — a boolean cannot hold the third case
         `spec/flavour.md` states for two directive blocks in a container body, and the maintainer's
         answer on a CommonMark block beside a directive block (1d) drops into the same seam. Give
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ detail is settled at its own milestone.
         info string, and the `codeBlock` whose language is `adf` — carried whole ahead of the
         attribute fallback 2e owes, since the reservation leaves that node no other spelling
         whatever 1d decides for its `localId`.
-  - [ ] **2e — Carve-outs and combinations.** Fixtures and emitter together, into
+  - [x] **2e — Carve-outs and combinations.** Fixtures and emitter together, into
         `corpus/round-trip/combinations/`.
     - [x] **2e1 — The carve-outs and the claimed line.** The three carve-outs
           and their escapes, and a paragraph line inside a container body shaped like a closing
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ detail is settled at its own milestone.
           both ways keeps every delimiter the emitter did not write out of the matching. The
           canonical form gained a backslash where a run only closes — `\*not emphasis\*`, and
           2e1's `carve-out-strike` a third and fourth.
-  - [ ] **2f — The attributes CommonMark cannot hold.** 1d's settled answer: the block nodes
+  - [x] **2f — The attributes CommonMark cannot hold.** 1d's settled answer: the block nodes
         CommonMark spells — `blockquote`, `bulletList`, `codeBlock`, `heading`, `listItem`,
         `orderedList`, `paragraph`, `rule` — get directive sections in `spec/flavour.md` carrying
         `localId`, `codeBlock`'s `hideLineNumbers`, `uniqueId` and `wrap`, and `blockquote`'s
@@ -134,6 +137,23 @@ detail is settled at its own milestone.
         page of carried JSON. Fixtures and emitter together, and the three documents the answer
         settles leave `corpus/unspellable/` as round-trip pairs: `block-local-id`,
         `code-block-empty-language`, `ordered-list-start-one`.
+        **Settled** (the maintainer, 2026-08-27): the `codeBlock` directive's body is one fenced
+        code block, the language staying on the fence line so every renderer still highlights it;
+        a language no info string holds — empty, a backtick, edge whitespace, an entity reference
+        or the reserved `adf` — rides the `language` attribute with the fence bare, which retires
+        2d's carry for the reserved name along with the premise that left it no other spelling.
+        The plain spelling gives way wherever it cannot render what the node carries rather than
+        only where it has no place for it, so a heading level absent or outside 1-6 and an order
+        whose markers would run past 999999999 take the directive form too, and
+        `ambiguous-attribute-spelling`, `unspellable-code-block-language`,
+        `unspellable-list-marker`, `unspelled-block-marks` and `unsupported-heading-level` leave
+        `ConvertErrorCode`; content and placement refusals stay, which leaves the directive form
+        spelling an empty list or a non-`listItem` child that the plain form refuses. `order` is
+        the first marker, so `order: 1` keeps the plain `1.` — what a real payload carries — and a
+        list carrying no `order` has no number to take and takes the directive form.
+        2f raises what 1d's unspelled block separation costs: a single `localId` on a paragraph
+        beside a plain one now refuses every container body that is a directive's — a panel, an
+        expand, a table cell — where before 2f the attribute refused the document anyway.
 - [ ] **3 — `markdownToAdf`.** The CommonMark parser is the largest single component; split it
       into sub-items before starting (§15). Fixtures land with the code that reads them:
       `corpus/normalization/` (setext, indented code, loose lists, `*`/`+` bullets, entity