diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f385479..ab50bd3 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ fejkdata -n 3 --separator ', ' sv_SE.word      # nät, barn, sol
 fejkdata --list                                # every path the data offers
 fejkdata --data-path ./mydata sv_SE.word       # layer a directory over the shipped data
 fejkdata --no-shipped-data -d ./mydata --list  # only your data
-fejkdata 'name: {/sv_SE.person.last}'          # name: Eriksson (an inline template)
-fejkdata '{"format":"name: {x}","x":["bosse","lina"]}'  # name: bosse
+fejkdata 'name: {/sv_SE.person.last}'          # name: <a surname> — an inline template
+fejkdata '{"format":"name: {x}","x":["bosse","lina"]}'  # name: bosse or name: lina
 ```
 
 A path names a category, or a field inside one: each dot segment descends one
diff --git a/cmd/fejkdata/main.go b/cmd/fejkdata/main.go
index c2806ad..e6e4d3e 100644
--- a/cmd/fejkdata/main.go
+++ b/cmd/fejkdata/main.go
@@ -25,12 +25,13 @@ const usage = `Usage: fejkdata [flags] <path|template>
 
   <path>                 a category, or a dotted path into one (person, person.last)
   <template>             a format string or JSON value to render inline, e.g.
-                         'name: {/sv_SE.person.last}' or '{"format":"{x}","x":[1,2]}'
+                         'name: {/sv_SE.person.last}' or '{"format":"{x}","x":["bosse","lina"]}'
 
 An argument containing a { token, or a JSON object or array, is a template; any
 other argument is a path (a path never contains a brace). Templates reach the data
 with a reference: {/sv_SE.person.first} from the root, whether the data is shipped
-or layered with --data-path.
+or layered with --data-path. A [ that is not valid JSON names no template and no
+path.
 
   -d, --data-path D      a data directory to layer over the shipped data (repeatable; last wins on a clash)
   -h, --help             print this help, then exit
@@ -229,13 +230,16 @@ func (in invocation) options() []fejkdata.Option {
 func (in invocation) write(f *fejkdata.Generator, w io.Writer) error {
 	arg := in.paths[0]
 	var draw func() (string, error)
-	if isTemplate(arg) {
+	switch {
+	case isTemplate(arg):
 		t, err := f.NewTemplate(arg)
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			return templateError{err}
 		}
 		draw = func() (string, error) { return t.Fake(), nil }
-	} else {
+	case strings.HasPrefix(arg, "["):
+		return templateError{fmt.Errorf("%q starts with [ but is not valid JSON, so it names no template and no path", arg)}
+	default:
 		draw = func() (string, error) { return f.Fake(arg) }
 	}
 	out := bufio.NewWriter(w)
@@ -253,6 +257,13 @@ func (in invocation) write(f *fejkdata.Generator, w io.Writer) error {
 	return out.Flush()
 }
 
+// templateError marks a render failure that is the argument's own fault — an
+// inline template that does not compile. run reports it as misuse (exit 2, with a
+// pointer to --help), unlike an unknown path, which is a runtime error (exit 1).
+type templateError struct{ error }
+
+func (e templateError) Unwrap() error { return e.error }
+
 // isTemplate reports whether an argument is an inline template rather than a
 // path: a format string carrying a { token, or a JSON object or array. A name may
 // not contain a brace or bracket, so both spellings collide with no path; the [
@@ -299,6 +310,10 @@ func run(args []string, stdout, stderr io.Writer) int {
 		return 0
 	}
 	if err := in.write(f, stdout); err != nil {
+		var te templateError
+		if errors.As(err, &te) {
+			return misuse(stderr, te.error)
+		}
 		fmt.Fprintln(stderr, err)
 		return 1
 	}
diff --git a/data.go b/data.go
index fd2b3f1..4e07211 100644
--- a/data.go
+++ b/data.go
@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ func loadData(sources []dataSource) (map[string]node, error) {
 	if len(root) == 0 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no .json data found")
 	}
+	// The fences here and the scoped ones [Generator.NewTemplate] runs are one
+	// sequence split across two entry points; a new fence lands a twin below and
+	// in NewTemplate (see its comment for the one omission, checkNoCycles).
 	if err := linkRefs(root); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/fejkdata.go b/fejkdata.go
index 6cfdc01..4ede2f1 100644
--- a/fejkdata.go
+++ b/fejkdata.go
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ var ErrNoData = errors.New("no data: WithoutShippedData needs at least one WithD
 
 // Generator generates fake data from a loaded namespace tree. Create one with [New].
 // It is safe for concurrent use; a seeded sequence is reproducible only when drawn
-// from one goroutine.
+// from one goroutine. The compiled tree is immutable after [New], and Fake,
+// NewTemplate and List read it concurrently without a lock.
 type Generator struct {
 	mu         sync.Mutex
 	rand       *session
diff --git a/node.go b/node.go
index 1f71e43..4a72e5f 100644
--- a/node.go
+++ b/node.go
@@ -87,10 +87,24 @@ func compileItem(v any) (node, error) {
 	case map[string]any:
 		return compileTemplate(v)
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported node type %T", v)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a template value must be a string, a list or an object, not %s", jsonKind(v))
 	}
 }
 
+// jsonKind names a JSON value a template cannot hold, in the data format's own
+// terms rather than the decoding library's.
+func jsonKind(v any) string {
+	switch v.(type) {
+	case float64:
+		return "a number"
+	case bool:
+		return "a boolean"
+	case nil:
+		return "null"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%T", v)
+}
+
 func compileString(s string) (node, error) {
 	if err := checkTokens(s, nil); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/render.go b/render.go
index 3e6fcdb..9d13801 100644
--- a/render.go
+++ b/render.go
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ func (f *Generator) Fake(path string) (string, error) {
 
 // Template is an inline template compiled, referenced and validated against a
 // generator's loaded data once, ready to render many times with [Template.Fake].
+// It is safe for concurrent use: Fake serializes on its generator's lock, so a
+// seeded sequence is reproducible only when a generator — and its templates — are
+// drawn from one goroutine.
 type Template struct {
 	g *Generator
 	n node
@@ -48,6 +51,10 @@ func (t *Template) Fake() string {
 // binds its references against the loaded tree, so repeated renders pay the
 // compile and validation once. It shares [New]'s guarantees: a bad template errors
 // here, and rendering cannot fail.
+// NewTemplate runs the same fences loadData does for a category, scoped to one
+// inline node with everything but checkNoCycles: a reference binds only into the
+// loaded tree, which has no path into this node, so rendering it cannot reach
+// itself. A new fence belongs in both places (loadData and here).
 func (f *Generator) NewTemplate(input string) (*Template, error) {
 	n, err := compileInput(input)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -56,8 +63,6 @@ func (f *Generator) NewTemplate(input string) (*Template, error) {
 	if err := linkNodeRefs(n, f.categories); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fejkdata: %w", err)
 	}
-	// No cycle is possible: a reference binds only into the loaded tree, which has
-	// no path into this node, so rendering it cannot reach itself.
 	if err := checkNodeRepeatReach(n); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fejkdata: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/template.go b/template.go
index 32f5f38..cf4dffc 100644
--- a/template.go
+++ b/template.go
@@ -164,6 +164,9 @@ func checkArm(name string, fields map[string]node) error {
 		if isOption(a.key) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%q is an option and can never be a field", a.key)
 		}
+		if len(fields) == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("no field %q; a token names a sibling field, and a bare string has none — write {/%s} to reference the data", a.key, name)
+		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("no field %q", a.key)
 	}
 	if err := checkPath(head, a.tail, a.key); err != nil {