CHANGELOG.md

@@ -6,6 +6,31 @@ at boot. Entries start at 0.3.0.
 
 ## Unreleased
 
+### The admin example refuses a permission save made from an out-of-date page
+
+Two administrators editing one user's or group's permissions no longer overwrite each other. The
+form carries a token for the grants it showed, and a save made after they changed is refused with
+"These permissions changed while you had the page open", re-rendering the current state. A POST with
+no token is refused the same way, so a script posting to `/admin/users/:id/permissions` or
+`/admin/groups/:name/permissions` must first read the token from the page's `baseline` field.
+
+### The admin example confirms a permission save and reports a partial one
+
+A save now lands on the page with "Permissions saved." If the permission service fails midway, the
+page says the save stopped part-way and shows what is stored, instead of the generic error page; the
+changes applied before the failure still sign the user's live sessions out.
+
+### A read-only holder sees View, not Edit, on the users list
+
+A holder of `users:read` without `users:write` gets a "View" row action with an eye icon. The new
+`common.view` catalog key is in `en-US` and `sv-SE`; a mounted core catalog must add it.
+
+### A language chosen on a sign-in link no longer drops an absolute return target
+
+`/login?return_to=<absolute URL>&locale=sv-SE` passed the visitor to the dashboard after sign-in and
+dropped the OAuth2 login challenge in `return_to`. The target now reaches Kratos, and the chosen
+language is lost across that round-trip instead.
+
 ### Every page carries a smaller icon sprite
 
 `i-chart`, `i-copy` and `i-download` are gone from the inlined icon sprite, so a plugin that

docs/reading-cost.md

@@ -122,3 +122,20 @@ Read most (opens and searches):
 - `public/css/styles.css` 1
 - `renovate.json` 1
 - `src/e2e-console-guard.test.ts` 1
+
+## Reading cost, chunk 2f36d29bd746, finished 2026-10-31T08:19:09Z
+
+85029 new input tokens before the first commit.
+
+Read most (opens and searches):
+
+- `e2e-tests/full-flow.spec.ts` 4
+- `README.md` 3
+- `src/auth/routes.test.ts` 3
+- `todo.md` 3
+- `src/auth/kratos-public.ts` 2
+- `src/http/app.test.ts` 2
+- `ci.sh` 1
+- `compose.yml` 1
+- `e2e-tests/auth-refresh.spec.ts` 1
+- `src/auth/flow-view.ts` 1

e2e-tests/full-flow.spec.ts

@@ -150,6 +150,8 @@ test.describe.serial("authenticated admin journey", () => {
     // Permissions are declared in plugin code, so the group's detail page offers them as a fixed
     // checkbox list rather than a create form — there is no Permissions screen to visit.
     await page.goto(`/admin/groups/${group}`);
+    const staleTab = await watchedPage(page.context()); // opened now, so it holds this page's grants
+    await staleTab.goto(`/admin/groups/${group}`);
     const scheduling = page.locator('input[name="permission"][value="scheduling:read"]');
     await expect(scheduling).toHaveCount(1); // declared by the reference plugin, so it's on offer
     await expect(scheduling).not.toBeChecked();
@@ -157,7 +159,16 @@ test.describe.serial("authenticated admin journey", () => {
     await page.locator('form:has(input[name="permission"]) button[type="submit"]').click();
 
     await expect(page).toHaveURL(new RegExp(`/admin/groups/${group}`));
+    await expect(page.getByText("Permissions saved.")).toBeVisible();
     await expect(page.locator('input[name="permission"][value="scheduling:read"]')).toBeChecked();
+
+    // The other tab no longer matches Keto, so its save is refused and shows the grant made above.
+    await staleTab.locator('input[name="permission"][value="scheduling:write"]').check();
+    await staleTab.locator('form:has(input[name="permission"]) button[type="submit"]').click();
+    await expect(staleTab.getByText("changed while you had the page open")).toBeVisible();
+    await expect(staleTab.locator('input[name="permission"][value="scheduling:read"]')).toBeChecked();
+    await expect(staleTab.locator('input[name="permission"][value="scheduling:write"]')).not.toBeChecked();
+    await staleTab.close();
   });
 
   test("OAuth2 clients CRUD: register a client (writes go to Hydra), see the one-time secret once, then delete it via the confirm step", async () => {

examples/plugins/admin/admin-grants.test.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 import assert from "node:assert/strict";
 import { test } from "node:test";
 import type { PermissionDecl } from "@plainpages/plugin-api";
-import { buildPermissionPicker, grantDiff, grantTuple, groupSubject, userSubject } from "./admin-grants.ts";
+import type { KetoClient } from "@plainpages/plugin-api";
+import { applyGrants, baselineToken, buildPermissionPicker, grantDiff, grantTuple, groupSubject, userSubject } from "./admin-grants.ts";
 
 const declared: PermissionDecl[] = [
   { description: "View users", name: "users:read" },
@@ -81,3 +82,37 @@ test("buildPermissionPicker says so when no plugin declares a permission, rather
   assert.deepEqual(picker.choices, []);
   assert.ok(picker.empty);
 });
+
+// The concurrency token of the permission form: equal exactly when the direct grants it offered are.
+test("baselineToken depends on the offered grants held, not on their order or on undeclared ones", () => {
+  const token = baselineToken(declared, ["users:read", "users:write"]);
+  assert.match(token, /^[0-9a-f]+$/);
+  assert.equal(baselineToken(declared, ["users:write", "users:read"]), token);
+  assert.equal(baselineToken(declared, ["users:read", "users:write", "legacy:thing"]), token); // undeclared: never shown, never saved
+  assert.notEqual(baselineToken(declared, ["users:read"]), token);
+  assert.notEqual(baselineToken(declared, []), token);
+  assert.notEqual(baselineToken(declared, []), ""); // an empty set is a state too, not an absent token
+  assert.equal(buildPermissionPicker({ action: "/x", declared, direct: ["users:read", "users:write"] }).baseline, token);
+});
+
+test("applyGrants applies writes then deletes, and on a Keto failure stops and reports what was applied", async () => {
+  const log: string[] = [];
+  const keto = (failOn?: string): KetoClient => ({
+    check: async () => false,
+    deleteTuple: async (tp) => { if (tp.object === failOn) throw new Error("boom"); log.push(`delete ${tp.object}`); },
+    expand: async () => ({ type: "leaf" }),
+    listRelations: async () => ({ nextPageToken: null, tuples: [] }),
+    writeTuple: async (tp) => { if (tp.object === failOn) throw new Error("boom"); log.push(`write ${tp.object}`); },
+  });
+  const diff = { grant: ["a:read", "b:read"], revoke: ["c:read"] };
+
+  const ok = await applyGrants(keto(), userSubject("u1"), diff);
+  assert.deepEqual(ok, { applied: diff });
+  assert.deepEqual(log, ["write a:read", "write b:read", "delete c:read"]);
+
+  log.length = 0;
+  const failed = await applyGrants(keto("b:read"), userSubject("u1"), diff);
+  assert.deepEqual(failed.applied, { grant: ["a:read"], revoke: [] });
+  assert.ok(failed.error instanceof Error);
+  assert.deepEqual(log, ["write a:read"]); // nothing after the failure was attempted
+});

examples/plugins/admin/admin-grants.ts

@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@
 // what the installed plugins declare in code. Nothing here invents a name, which is why the old
 // Permissions screen is gone: a grant is a property of a user or a group, edited where they are.
 
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
 import type { KetoClient, PermissionDecl, RelationTuple, SubjectSet, Translate } from "@plainpages/plugin-api";
 
 const PERMISSION_NS = "Permission";
 const GRANTED = "granted";
 export const PERMISSIONS_FIELD = "permission"; // the checkbox name the two forms post
+export const BASELINE_FIELD = "baseline"; // the hidden field carrying baselineToken
+export const SAVED_NOTICE = "permissions-saved"; // the `info-msg` a successful save redirects with
 
 export type GrantSubject = { subject_id: string } | { subject_set: SubjectSet };
 
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@ export interface PermissionChoice {
 
 export interface PermissionPicker {
   action: string;
+  baseline: string; // baselineToken of the direct grants this form was rendered from
   choices: PermissionChoice[];
   empty: string | undefined; // set when no plugin declares a permission — the picker has nothing to offer
   error?: string; // a rejected save (e.g. the self-revoke guard), rendered above the list
@@ -60,6 +64,7 @@ export interface PermissionPicker {
   hint: string;
   inheritedNote: string | undefined; // set when at least one choice is group-held, to explain the disabled row
   legend: string;
+  notice?: string; // a confirmation, rendered above the list
   // Set for a group: its members hold these transitively, so a change reaches them at their next
   // re-mint rather than at once. The user picker revokes live tokens, so it says nothing.
   pending: string | undefined;
@@ -90,6 +95,7 @@ export function buildPermissionPicker(opts: {
   }));
   return {
     action: opts.action,
+    baseline: baselineToken(opts.declared, opts.direct),
     choices,
     empty: opts.declared.length === 0 ? t("admin.grants.none") : undefined,
     field: PERMISSIONS_FIELD,
@@ -107,7 +113,7 @@ export function buildPermissionPicker(opts: {
 // What a submitted set changes. Pure so the diff is testable without Keto: only declared names are
 // considered, so a crafted POST cannot grant something no plugin gates on, and a held-but-undeclared
 // name (left over from an uninstalled plugin) is never silently revoked by an unrelated save.
-export function grantDiff(declared: readonly PermissionDecl[], held: string[], wanted: string[]): { grant: string[]; revoke: string[] } {
+export function grantDiff(declared: readonly PermissionDecl[], held: string[], wanted: string[]): GrantChange {
   const offered = new Set(declared.map((d) => d.name));
   const heldSet = new Set(held);
   const wantedSet = new Set(wanted.filter((name) => offered.has(name)));
@@ -117,7 +123,30 @@ export function grantDiff(declared: readonly PermissionDecl[], held: string[], w
   };
 }
 
-export async function applyGrants(keto: KetoClient, subject: GrantSubject, diff: { grant: string[]; revoke: string[] }): Promise<void> {
+// Proves which direct grants a form was rendered from, so a save made after someone else changed
-  for (const name of diff.grant) await keto.writeTuple(grantTuple(name, subject));
+// them is refused rather than silently undoing that change. Covers only the declared names the form
-  for (const name of diff.revoke) await keto.deleteTuple(grantTuple(name, subject));
+// offered, like grantDiff, and is a digest so an empty set is still a token and a missing field is not.
+export function baselineToken(declared: readonly PermissionDecl[], held: string[]): string {
+  const offered = new Set(declared.map((d) => d.name));
+  return createHash("sha256").update(held.filter((name) => offered.has(name)).sort().join("\n")).digest("hex").slice(0, 16);
+}
+
+// True when the submitted token is missing or no longer matches Keto.
+export const isStale = (form: { get(name: string): string | null }, declared: readonly PermissionDecl[], held: string[]): boolean =>
+  form.get(BASELINE_FIELD) !== baselineToken(declared, held);
+
+export interface GrantChange { grant: string[]; revoke: string[] }
+
+// Keto has no transaction, so the writes and deletes run one by one and stop at the first failure.
+// What was applied by then is returned beside the error, so the caller can still revoke live tokens
+// and tell the admin the save is only partly done.
+export async function applyGrants(keto: KetoClient, subject: GrantSubject, diff: GrantChange): Promise<{ applied: GrantChange; error?: unknown }> {
+  const applied: GrantChange = { grant: [], revoke: [] };
+  try {
+    for (const name of diff.grant) { await keto.writeTuple(grantTuple(name, subject)); applied.grant.push(name); }
+    for (const name of diff.revoke) { await keto.deleteTuple(grantTuple(name, subject)); applied.revoke.push(name); }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return { applied, error };
+  }
+  return { applied };
 }

examples/plugins/admin/admin-groups.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // each returning a RouteResult.
 
 import { can, type KetoClient, type KratosAdmin, paginate, parseListQuery, type RelationQuery, type RelationTuple, type RequestContext, type RouteHandler, type RouteResult, type SubjectSet, type Translate, type User } from "@plainpages/plugin-api";
-import { applyGrants, buildPermissionPicker, effectivePermissions, grantDiff, grantTuple, groupSubject, heldPermissions, type PermissionPicker, PERMISSIONS_FIELD } from "./admin-grants.ts";
+import { applyGrants, buildPermissionPicker, effectivePermissions, grantDiff, grantTuple, groupSubject, heldPermissions, isStale, type PermissionPicker, PERMISSIONS_FIELD, SAVED_NOTICE } from "./admin-grants.ts";
 import { ADMIN_EN, type AdminAction, ADMIN_GROUPS_BASE, buildConfirmModel, guardedForm, notFound, permissionName, requirePermission, unavailable } from "./admin-shared.ts";
 import type { FieldConfig } from "./admin-users.ts";
 
@@ -347,13 +347,14 @@ export const groupsCreate = withGroups(async (deps) => {
 // GET /admin/groups/new — the create form.
 export const groupsNewForm = withGroups((deps) => groupFormResult(deps, {}), "write");
 
-// GET /admin/groups/:name — the detail + membership page.
+// The detail + membership page. `notice` and `error` ride the permission picker, which is where a save reports.
-export const groupsDetail = withGroupName(async ({ ctx, keto, kratosAdmin }, name) => {
+async function groupDetailPage({ ctx, keto, kratosAdmin }: GroupsDeps, name: string, say: { error?: string; notice?: string } = {}): Promise<RouteResult> {
   const { emailById, options } = await memberCandidates(keto, kratosAdmin);
   const members = (await pagedTuples(keto, { namespace: GROUP_NS, object: name, relation: MEMBERS })).map((t) => memberView(t, emailById));
   const subject = groupSubject(name);
   const [direct, effective] = await Promise.all([heldPermissions(keto, subject), effectivePermissions(keto, subject, ctx.declaredPermissions)]);
-  const permissions = buildPermissionPicker({
+  const permissions: PermissionPicker = {
+    ...buildPermissionPicker({
       action: `${detailHref(name)}/permissions`,
       declared: ctx.declaredPermissions,
       direct,
@@ -361,22 +362,35 @@ export const groupsDetail = withGroupName(async ({ ctx, keto, kratosAdmin }, nam
       readOnly: !can(ctx, permissionName("groups", "write")),
       t: ctx.t,
       transitive: true, // members inherit, so a change here lands at their next re-mint, not at once
-  });
+    }),
+    ...(say.error ? { error: say.error } : {}),
+    ...(say.notice ? { notice: say.notice } : {}),
+  };
   return { data: { chrome: ctx.chrome, model: buildGroupDetailModel({ canWrite: !permissions.readOnly, candidates: options, csrfToken: ctx.chrome.csrfToken, group: { name }, members, permissions, t: ctx.t }) }, view: "group-detail" };
-});
+}
+
+// GET /admin/groups/:name — the detail + membership page; `info-msg` is read as on the user page.
+export const groupsDetail = withGroupName((deps, name) =>
+  groupDetailPage(deps, name, deps.ctx.url.searchParams.get("info-msg") === SAVED_NOTICE ? { notice: deps.ctx.t("admin.grants.saved") } : {}));
 
 // POST /admin/groups/:name/permissions — the submitted checkboxes are the desired set. Members hold
 // a group's permissions transitively, so the change reaches them at their next login or re-mint —
 // the documented instant-revoke tradeoff for anything held through a group.
-export const groupsPermissions = withGroupName(async ({ ctx, keto, user }, name) => {
+export const groupsPermissions = withGroupName(async (deps, name) => {
+  const { ctx, keto, user } = deps;
   const form = (await guardedForm(ctx))!;
   const subject = groupSubject(name);
-  const diff = grantDiff(ctx.declaredPermissions, await heldPermissions(keto, subject), form.getAll(PERMISSIONS_FIELD));
+  const held = await heldPermissions(keto, subject);
-  await applyGrants(keto, subject, diff);
+  if (isStale(form, ctx.declaredPermissions, held)) return { ...(await groupDetailPage(deps, name, { error: ctx.t("admin.grants.stale") })), status: 409 };
-  if (diff.grant.length > 0 || diff.revoke.length > 0) {
+  const { applied, error } = await applyGrants(keto, subject, grantDiff(ctx.declaredPermissions, held, form.getAll(PERMISSIONS_FIELD)));
-    ctx.log.info("admin: group permissions changed", { actor: user.id, granted: diff.grant.join(","), group: name, revoked: diff.revoke.join(",") });
+  if (applied.grant.length > 0 || applied.revoke.length > 0) {
+    ctx.log.info("admin: group permissions changed", { actor: user.id, granted: applied.grant.join(","), group: name, revoked: applied.revoke.join(",") });
   }
-  return { redirect: detailHref(name) };
+  if (error) {
+    ctx.log.error("admin: group permissions only partly saved", { actor: user.id, error: String(error), group: name });
+    return { ...(await groupDetailPage(deps, name, { error: ctx.t("admin.grants.partial") })), status: 502 };
+  }
+  return { redirect: `${detailHref(name)}?info-msg=${SAVED_NOTICE}` };
 });
 
 // POST /admin/groups/:name/members — add a member (skip an invalid member or a self-nest).

examples/plugins/admin/admin-users.test.ts

@@ -60,6 +60,14 @@ test("buildUsersListModel filters by search + status, sorts, and paginates", ()
 
   // Edit link points at the per-identity route.
   assert.match(all.table.rows[0]!.actions![0]!.href!, new RegExp(`/admin/users/${people[0]!.id}$`));
+  assert.deepEqual([all.table.rows[0]!.actions![0]!.icon, all.table.rows[0]!.actions![0]!.label], ["i-edit", "Edit"]);
+});
+
+// The detail page of a `users:read` holder is read-only, so the row action must not promise an edit.
+test("buildUsersListModel: a read-only holder's row action says View, with the same target", () => {
+  const people: Identity[] = [{ id: "u1", traits: { email: "a@x.io" } }];
+  const action = buildUsersListModel({ canWrite: false, identities: people, url: "http://x/admin/users" }).table.rows[0]!.actions![0]!;
+  assert.deepEqual([action.icon, action.label, action.href], ["i-eye", "View", "/admin/users/u1"]);
 });
 
 test("buildUserFormModel: create mode has an editable email + password, no edit actions", () => {

examples/plugins/admin/admin-users.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // a shared `withUser` gate.
 
 import { can, type Identity, type KetoClient, type KratosAdmin, KratosError, paginate, parseListQuery, type RecoveryCode, type RequestContext, type RouteHandler, type RouteResult, type Translate, type User } from "@plainpages/plugin-api";
-import { applyGrants, buildPermissionPicker, effectivePermissions, grantDiff, heldPermissions, type PermissionPicker, PERMISSIONS_FIELD, userSubject } from "./admin-grants.ts";
+import { applyGrants, buildPermissionPicker, effectivePermissions, grantDiff, heldPermissions, isStale, type PermissionPicker, PERMISSIONS_FIELD, SAVED_NOTICE, userSubject } from "./admin-grants.ts";
 import { ADMIN_EN, type AdminAction, ADMIN_USERS_BASE, buildConfirmModel, guardedForm, notFound, permissionName, requirePermission, unavailable } from "./admin-shared.ts";
 
 const SCHEMA_ID = "default"; // matches kratos.yml identity.default_schema_id
@@ -138,12 +138,12 @@ export function buildUsersListModel(opts: {
     canWrite: opts.canWrite !== false,
     filterBar: listFilterBar(state, all.length, t),
     pagination: listPagination(state, page, t),
-    table: listTable(rows, state, sort, t),
+    table: listTable(rows, state, sort, t, opts.canWrite !== false),
     title: t("admin.users.title"),
   };
 }
 
-function listTable(rows: UserView[], state: ListState, sort: { dir: "asc" | "desc"; field: string } | null, t: Translate) {
+function listTable(rows: UserView[], state: ListState, sort: { dir: "asc" | "desc"; field: string } | null, t: Translate, canWrite: boolean) {
   return {
     actions: true,
     caption: t("admin.users.title"),
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ function listTable(rows: UserView[], state: ListState, sort: { dir: "asc" | "des
       return { href: listHref(state, { page: 1, sort: next }), label: t(c.label), sort: dir, sortable: true };
     }),
     rows: rows.map((u) => ({
-      actions: [{ href: `${ADMIN_USERS_BASE}/${encodeURIComponent(u.id)}`, icon: "i-edit", label: t("common.edit") }],
+      actions: [{ href: `${ADMIN_USERS_BASE}/${encodeURIComponent(u.id)}`, icon: canWrite ? "i-edit" : "i-eye", label: t(canWrite ? "common.edit" : "common.view") }],
       cells: [
         { user: { initials: u.initials, name: u.name } },
         u.email,
@@ -329,7 +329,9 @@ export const usersNewForm = withUser(({ ctx }) => Promise.resolve(formResult(ctx
 
 // GET /admin/users/:id — the edit form, prefilled.
 export const usersEditForm = withTarget(async (deps, identity, id) => {
-  const permissions = await userPermissionPicker(deps, id);
+  // `info-msg` is honored only as the exact value a save redirects with, so a crafted link can't put words on the page.
+  const saved = deps.ctx.url.searchParams.get("info-msg") === SAVED_NOTICE;
+  const permissions = await userPermissionPicker(deps, id, undefined, saved ? deps.ctx.t("admin.grants.saved") : undefined);
   return formResult(deps.ctx, { canWrite: canWriteUsers(deps.ctx), identity, ...(permissions ? { permissions } : {}) });
 });
 
@@ -338,7 +340,7 @@ const canWriteUsers = (ctx: RequestContext): boolean => can(ctx, permissionName(
 // The checkbox list of declared permissions: ticked where this user holds one, and disabled where
 // the grant comes from a group (real, but removed on that group). Undefined when Keto isn't wired —
 // the rest of the edit page still works.
-async function userPermissionPicker(deps: UsersDeps, id: string, error?: string): Promise<PermissionPicker | undefined> {
+async function userPermissionPicker(deps: UsersDeps, id: string, error?: string, notice?: string): Promise<PermissionPicker | undefined> {
   if (!deps.keto) return undefined;
   const subject = userSubject(id);
   const [direct, effective] = await Promise.all([
@@ -355,6 +357,7 @@ async function userPermissionPicker(deps: UsersDeps, id: string, error?: string)
       t: deps.ctx.t,
     }),
     ...(error ? { error } : {}),
+    ...(notice ? { notice } : {}),
   };
 }
 
@@ -366,21 +369,30 @@ export const usersPermissions = withTarget(async (deps, identity, id) => {
   const form = (await guardedForm(ctx))!;
   if (!keto) return unavailable(ctx, ctx.t("admin.capability.keto"));
   const subject = userSubject(id);
-  const diff = grantDiff(ctx.declaredPermissions, await heldPermissions(keto, subject), form.getAll(PERMISSIONS_FIELD));
+  const held = await heldPermissions(keto, subject);
+  const refuse = async (error: string, status: number): Promise<RouteResult> => {
+    const permissions = await userPermissionPicker(deps, id, error);
+    return { ...formResult(ctx, { canWrite: canWriteUsers(ctx), identity, ...(permissions ? { permissions } : {}) }), status };
+  };
+  if (isStale(form, ctx.declaredPermissions, held)) return refuse(ctx.t("admin.grants.stale"), 409);
+  const diff = grantDiff(ctx.declaredPermissions, held, form.getAll(PERMISSIONS_FIELD));
   // Self-lockout guard, matching the self-deactivate/self-delete ones: revoking your own grants can
   // remove the last `users:write` on the deployment, and the instant-revoke hook lands it on the very
   // next request — leaving a `curl` against Keto as the only way back in.
   if (id === user.id && diff.revoke.length > 0) {
     ctx.log.warn("admin: refused a self-revoke of permissions", { actor: user.id, refused: diff.revoke.join(",") });
-    const permissions = await userPermissionPicker(deps, id, ctx.t("admin.grants.selfRevoke"));
+    return refuse(ctx.t("admin.grants.selfRevoke"), 400);
-    return { ...formResult(ctx, { canWrite: canWriteUsers(ctx), identity, ...(permissions ? { permissions } : {}) }), status: 400 };
   }
-  await applyGrants(keto, subject, diff);
+  const { applied, error } = await applyGrants(keto, subject, diff);
-  if (diff.grant.length > 0 || diff.revoke.length > 0) {
+  if (applied.grant.length > 0 || applied.revoke.length > 0) {
     revoke?.(id);
-    ctx.log.info("admin: user permissions changed", { actor: user.id, granted: diff.grant.join(","), revoked: diff.revoke.join(","), target: id });
+    ctx.log.info("admin: user permissions changed", { actor: user.id, granted: applied.grant.join(","), revoked: applied.revoke.join(","), target: id });
   }
-  return { redirect: `${ADMIN_USERS_BASE}/${encodeURIComponent(id)}` };
+  if (error) {
+    ctx.log.error("admin: user permissions only partly saved", { actor: user.id, error: String(error), target: id });
+    return refuse(ctx.t("admin.grants.partial"), 502);
+  }
+  return { redirect: `${ADMIN_USERS_BASE}/${encodeURIComponent(id)}?info-msg=${SAVED_NOTICE}` };
 });
 
 // POST /admin/users/:id — save edits; a Kratos 4xx re-renders the form (400).

examples/plugins/admin/i18n/en-US.ts

@@ -53,9 +53,12 @@ const messages = {
   "admin.grants.inherited": "Greyed-out permissions come from a group. Change them on that group.",
   "admin.grants.legend": "Permissions",
   "admin.grants.none": "No installed plugin declares a permission, so there is nothing to grant.",
+  "admin.grants.partial": "Saving stopped part-way because the permission service failed, so only some changes were applied. The list shows what is stored now. Save again to finish.",
   "admin.grants.pending": "Members get this at their next sign-in (up to 10 minutes).",
   "admin.grants.save": "Save permissions",
+  "admin.grants.saved": "Permissions saved.",
   "admin.grants.selfRevoke": "You can't revoke your own permissions — ask another administrator, so you can't lock yourself out.",
+  "admin.grants.stale": "These permissions changed while you had the page open, so nothing was saved. The list now shows the current state. Review it and save again.",
 
   "admin.groups.actions": "Group actions",
   "admin.groups.addMember": "Add a member",

examples/plugins/admin/i18n/sv-SE.ts

@@ -53,9 +53,12 @@ const messages: AdminMessages = {
   "admin.grants.inherited": "Gråmarkerade behörigheter kommer från en grupp. Ändra dem på gruppen.",
   "admin.grants.legend": "Behörigheter",
   "admin.grants.none": "Ingen installerad plugin deklarerar någon behörighet, så det finns inget att tilldela.",
+  "admin.grants.partial": "Sparandet avbröts halvvägs eftersom behörighetstjänsten fallerade, så bara en del av ändringarna genomfördes. Listan visar vad som är sparat nu. Spara igen för att slutföra.",
   "admin.grants.pending": "Medlemmar får detta vid nästa inloggning (upp till 10 minuter).",
   "admin.grants.save": "Spara behörigheter",
+  "admin.grants.saved": "Behörigheterna är sparade.",
   "admin.grants.selfRevoke": "Du kan inte återkalla dina egna behörigheter — be en annan administratör, så att du inte låser ute dig själv.",
+  "admin.grants.stale": "Behörigheterna ändrades medan du hade sidan öppen, så ingenting sparades. Listan visar nu aktuellt läge. Granska den och spara igen.",
 
   "admin.groups.actions": "Gruppåtgärder",
   "admin.groups.addMember": "Lägg till en medlem",

examples/plugins/admin/views/partials/permission-picker.ejs

@@ -7,13 +7,19 @@
   there) and every row when `readOnly` (the viewer holds :read but not :write). Neither can be diffed
   into an accidental revoke, because grantDiff compares against the direct grants only.
 
-  Locals: csrfToken, permissions ({ action, choices, empty, error, field, hint, inheritedNote, legend, pending, readOnly, submit }).
+  The hidden `baseline` is a token for the direct grants this page showed: a save made after they changed
+  is refused (see baselineToken in admin-grants.ts).
+
+  Locals: csrfToken, permissions ({ action, baseline, choices, empty, error, field, hint, inheritedNote, legend, notice, pending, readOnly, submit }).
 %>
   <section class="form-card" aria-labelledby="permissions-h">
     <h2 class="card-title" id="permissions-h"><%= permissions.legend %></h2>
 <% if (permissions.error) { -%>
 <%- include("partials/alert", { text: permissions.error, tone: "neg" }) %>
 <% } -%>
+<% if (permissions.notice) { -%>
+<%- include("partials/alert", { text: permissions.notice, tone: "pos" }) %>
+<% } -%>
 <% if (permissions.empty) { -%>
     <p class="cell-muted"><%= permissions.empty %></p>
 <% } else { -%>
@@ -28,6 +34,7 @@
 <% } else { -%>
     <form method="post" action="<%= localeHref(permissions.action) %>">
       <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="<%= csrfToken %>">
+      <input type="hidden" name="baseline" value="<%= permissions.baseline %>">
       <fieldset class="check-group">
         <legend class="sr-only"><%= permissions.legend %></legend>
 <% permissions.choices.forEach((c) => { -%>

src/auth/routes.ts

@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ function flowReturnTo(ctx: RequestContext, secureCookies: boolean): string | und
   const raw = ctx.url.searchParams.get("return_to");
   const local = localPath(raw);
   const chosen = chosenLocale(ctx);
-  if (!local && !chosen) return raw ?? undefined;
+  if (raw && !local) return raw; // beside a chosen language too: the target wins, the language is lost
+  if (!local && !chosen) return undefined;
   const complete = new URL(`${selfOrigin(ctx, secureCookies)}/auth/complete`);
   if (local) complete.searchParams.set("return_to", ctx.localeHref(local));
   if (chosen) complete.searchParams.set("locale", chosen);

src/http/app.test.ts

@@ -855,6 +855,11 @@ test("login return_to: a chosen language alone still routes through /auth/comple
   assert.match(lastReturnTo ?? "", /^http:\/\/[^/]+\/auth\/complete\?locale=sv-SE$/);
   await fetch(url + "/login?locale=sv-SE&return_to=" + encodeURIComponent("/admin/users"), { redirect: "manual" });
   assert.match(lastReturnTo ?? "", /^http:\/\/[^/]+\/auth\/complete\?return_to=%2Fadmin%2Fusers%3Flocale%3Dsv-SE&locale=sv-SE$/);
+
+  // An absolute target still reaches Kratos beside a chosen language; the language is lost instead.
+  const abs = "http://localhost/oauth2/login?login_challenge=abc";
+  await fetch(url + "/login?locale=sv-SE&return_to=" + encodeURIComponent(abs), { redirect: "manual" });
+  assert.equal(lastReturnTo, abs);
 });
 
 // "Ory down ⇒ no logins" is documented; the auth path should say so honestly (503), not the
@@ -953,6 +958,8 @@ async function adminHarness(t: TestContext, opts: AppOptions = {}) {
 // What the plugin itself declares — the harness holds every screen's read and write, so a screen
 // test exercises the screen rather than the gate. assertAdminGate covers the refusals.
 const ADMIN_ALL = (adminManifest.permissions ?? []).map((p) => p.name);
+// The permission form's concurrency token, read off the page the way a browser would post it back.
+const baselineOf = (html: string): string => /name="baseline" value="([0-9a-f]+)"/.exec(html)?.[1] ?? "";
 // Every admin route is gated: anonymous → /login, a signed-in non-admin → 403.
 async function assertAdminGate(url: string, get: (path: string, permissions?: string[]) => Promise<Response>, path: string) {
   const anon = await fetch(url + path, { redirect: "manual" });
@@ -1313,7 +1320,8 @@ test("admin Groups screen: gate, list, create, detail/membership, delete (CSRF-g
   assert.ok(!tuples.some((tp) => tp.object === "eng" && tp.subject_id === `user:${grace}`));
 
   // Give it a permission first, so the delete below has an orphan to avoid leaving behind.
-  await post("/admin/groups/eng/permissions", `_csrf=${token}&permission=users%3Aread`);
+  const permissionsBaseline = baselineOf(await (await get("/admin/groups/eng")).text());
+  await post("/admin/groups/eng/permissions", `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${permissionsBaseline}&permission=users%3Aread`);
   assert.ok(tuples.some((tp) => tp.namespace === "Permission" && tp.object === "users:read" && tp.subject_set?.object === "eng"));
 
   // Delete the group: a confirm step (GET) then the POST removes every member tuple, back to the list.
@@ -1349,9 +1357,11 @@ test("admin permission grants: the picker offers the declared catalog, and a sav
   }
   assert.match(edit, /value="users:read"[^>]*checked/); // held → ticked
   assert.doesNotMatch(edit, /value="groups:write"[^>]*checked/); // not held → unticked
+  assert.doesNotMatch(edit, /Permissions saved/); // no confirmation before a save
 
   // Save a new set: users:write is added, users:read is dropped — the POST is the whole truth.
-  const saved = await post(`/admin/users/${ada}/permissions`, `_csrf=${token}&permission=users%3Awrite&permission=groups%3Aread`);
+  const baseline = baselineOf(edit);
+  const saved = await post(`/admin/users/${ada}/permissions`, `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${baseline}&permission=users%3Awrite&permission=groups%3Aread`);
   assert.equal(saved.status, 303);
   assert.deepEqual(
     tuples.filter((tp) => tp.subject_id === `user:${ada}`).map((tp) => tp.object).sort(),
@@ -1359,16 +1369,93 @@ test("admin permission grants: the picker offers the declared catalog, and a sav
   );
   assert.equal(denylist.isRevoked(ada, 0), true); // a change to your own grants revokes live tokens
 
+  // The redirect lands on a page that confirms the save, and shows the new state.
+  const landing = saved.headers.get("location") ?? "";
+  assert.match(landing, new RegExp(`^/admin/users/${ada}\\?info-msg=permissions-saved$`));
+  const confirmed = await (await get(landing)).text();
+  assert.match(confirmed, /Permissions saved/);
+  assert.match(confirmed, /value="users:write"[^>]*checked/);
+
   // A crafted POST can't grant something no plugin declares.
-  await post(`/admin/users/${ada}/permissions`, `_csrf=${token}&permission=users%3Awrite&permission=superuser%3Aall`);
+  await post(`/admin/users/${ada}/permissions`, `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${baselineOf(confirmed)}&permission=users%3Awrite&permission=superuser%3Aall`);
   assert.ok(!tuples.some((tp) => tp.object === "superuser:all"));
 
   // The same picker on a group writes the group's subject_set, which Keto resolves transitively.
   tuples.push({ namespace: "Group", object: "eng", relation: "members", subject_id: `user:${ada}` });
-  await post("/admin/groups/eng/permissions", `_csrf=${token}&permission=groups%3Aread`);
+  const groupBaseline = baselineOf(await (await get("/admin/groups/eng")).text());
+  const groupSaved = await post("/admin/groups/eng/permissions", `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${groupBaseline}&permission=groups%3Aread`);
+  assert.equal(groupSaved.headers.get("location"), "/admin/groups/eng?info-msg=permissions-saved");
   assert.ok(tuples.some((tp) => tp.namespace === "Permission" && tp.object === "groups:read" && tp.subject_set?.object === "eng"));
 });
 
+// Two admins open the same page; the second save would silently undo the first. The form carries a
+// token for the grants it was rendered from, and a save made from any other state is refused.
+test("admin permission grants: a save from a stale page is refused, and the page re-renders the current state", async (t) => {
+  const ada = randomUUID();
+  const identities: Identity[] = [{ id: ada, traits: { email: "ada@example.com" } }];
+  const tuples: RelationTuple[] = [{ namespace: "Permission", object: "users:read", relation: "granted", subject_id: `user:${ada}` }];
+  const keto = fakeKeto(tuples);
+  const kratosAdmin = stubAdmin({ getIdentity: async (id) => identities.find((i) => i.id === id) ?? null, listIdentities: async () => ({ identities, nextPageToken: null }) });
+  const { get, post, token } = await adminHarness(t, { keto, kratosAdmin });
+  const stale = baselineOf(await (await get(`/admin/users/${ada}`)).text());
+
+  // Another admin grants users:write while this page is open.
+  tuples.push({ namespace: "Permission", object: "users:write", relation: "granted", subject_id: `user:${ada}` });
+  const before = JSON.stringify(tuples);
+  const refused = await post(`/admin/users/${ada}/permissions`, `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${stale}&permission=users%3Aread&permission=groups%3Aread`);
+  assert.equal(refused.status, 409);
+  const page = await refused.text();
+  assert.match(page, /changed while you had the page open/);
+  assert.equal(JSON.stringify(tuples), before, "nothing was applied");
+  assert.match(page, /value="users:write"[^>]*checked/); // the re-render shows the other admin's grant
+  assert.notEqual(baselineOf(page), stale);
+
+  // Saving from the re-rendered page goes through.
+  const retried = await post(`/admin/users/${ada}/permissions`, `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${baselineOf(page)}&permission=users%3Aread&permission=users%3Awrite&permission=groups%3Aread`);
+  assert.equal(retried.status, 303);
+  assert.ok(tuples.some((tp) => tp.object === "groups:read" && tp.subject_id === `user:${ada}`));
+
+  // A POST with no token at all (a crafted request, or a form rendered before this check existed) is stale too.
+  assert.equal((await post(`/admin/users/${ada}/permissions`, `_csrf=${token}&permission=users%3Aread`)).status, 409);
+
+  // Groups are checked the same way.
+  tuples.push({ namespace: "Group", object: "eng", relation: "members", subject_id: `user:${ada}` });
+  const groupStale = baselineOf(await (await get("/admin/groups/eng")).text());
+  tuples.push({ namespace: "Permission", object: "groups:read", relation: "granted", subject_set: { namespace: "Group", object: "eng", relation: "members" } });
+  const groupRefused = await post("/admin/groups/eng/permissions", `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${groupStale}&permission=users%3Aread`);
+  assert.equal(groupRefused.status, 409);
+  assert.match(await groupRefused.text(), /changed while you had the page open/);
+  assert.ok(tuples.some((tp) => tp.object === "groups:read" && tp.subject_set?.object === "eng"), "the group keeps its grant");
+});
+
+// applyGrants is not a transaction: a Keto error midway leaves some changes applied. The save says
+// so, instead of the generic error page, and still revokes the tokens of what did change.
+test("admin permission grants: a Keto failure midway reports a partial save and keeps what was applied", async (t) => {
+  const ada = randomUUID();
+  const identities: Identity[] = [{ id: ada, traits: { email: "ada@example.com" } }];
+  const tuples: RelationTuple[] = [];
+  let writes = 0;
+  const keto = fakeKeto(tuples, {
+    writeTuple: async (tp) => {
+      if (++writes === 2) throw new Error("keto unreachable");
+      tuples.push(tp);
+    },
+  });
+  const kratosAdmin = stubAdmin({ getIdentity: async (id) => identities.find((i) => i.id === id) ?? null, listIdentities: async () => ({ identities, nextPageToken: null }) });
+  const denylist = createDenylist();
+  const { get, post, token } = await adminHarness(t, { denylist, keto, kratosAdmin });
+  const baseline = baselineOf(await (await get(`/admin/users/${ada}`)).text());
+
+  const res = await post(`/admin/users/${ada}/permissions`, `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${baseline}&permission=groups%3Aread&permission=users%3Aread&permission=users%3Awrite`);
+  assert.equal(res.status, 502);
+  const page = await res.text();
+  assert.match(page, /stopped part-way/);
+  assert.match(page, /value="groups:read"[^>]*checked/); // the first write landed, and the page shows what is stored
+  assert.doesNotMatch(page, /value="users:write"[^>]*checked/);
+  assert.deepEqual(tuples.map((tp) => tp.object), ["groups:read"]);
+  assert.equal(denylist.isRevoked(ada, 0), true); // the half that was applied still revokes live tokens
+});
+
 // Revoking your own grants can remove the last users:write on the deployment, and the instant-revoke
 // hook lands it on the next request — recovery would be a curl against Keto. Guarded like
 // self-deactivate and self-delete are. (`admin1` is the harness's own sub.)
@@ -1377,15 +1464,16 @@ test("admin permission grants: you can't revoke your own permissions, but you ca
   const tuples: RelationTuple[] = [{ namespace: "Permission", object: "users:write", relation: "granted", subject_id: "user:admin1" }];
   const keto = fakeKeto(tuples);
   const kratosAdmin = stubAdmin({ getIdentity: async (id) => identities.find((i) => i.id === id) ?? null, listIdentities: async () => ({ identities, nextPageToken: null }) });
-  const { post, token } = await adminHarness(t, { keto, kratosAdmin });
+  const { get, post, token } = await adminHarness(t, { keto, kratosAdmin });
+  const baseline = baselineOf(await (await get("/admin/users/admin1")).text());
 
-  const refused = await post("/admin/users/admin1/permissions", `_csrf=${token}`); // every box cleared
+  const refused = await post("/admin/users/admin1/permissions", `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${baseline}`); // every box cleared
   assert.equal(refused.status, 400);
   assert.match(await refused.text(), /lock yourself out/);
   assert.ok(tuples.some((tp) => tp.object === "users:write" && tp.subject_id === "user:admin1"), "nothing was revoked");
 
   // Granting yourself more is not a lockout, so it goes through.
-  const granted = await post("/admin/users/admin1/permissions", `_csrf=${token}&permission=users%3Awrite&permission=groups%3Aread`);
+  const granted = await post("/admin/users/admin1/permissions", `_csrf=${token}&baseline=${baseline}&permission=users%3Awrite&permission=groups%3Aread`);
   assert.equal(granted.status, 303);
   assert.ok(tuples.some((tp) => tp.object === "groups:read" && tp.subject_id === "user:admin1"));
 });

src/i18n/locales/en-US.ts

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ const messages = {
   "common.edit": "Edit",
   "common.new": "New",
   "common.remove": "Remove",
+  "common.view": "View",
 
   "consent.allow": "Allow",
   "consent.deny": "Deny",

src/i18n/locales/sv-SE.ts

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ const messages: CoreMessages = {
   "common.edit": "Redigera",
   "common.new": "Ny",
   "common.remove": "Ta bort",
+  "common.view": "Visa",
 
   "consent.allow": "Tillåt",
   "consent.deny": "Neka",

src/ui/icons.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ export const ICON_NAMES: Record<string, string> = {
   "i-chev": "chevron-right",
   "i-cols": "columns-3",
   "i-edit": "pencil",
+  "i-eye": "eye",
   "i-globe": "globe",
   "i-grid": "layout-grid",
   "i-kebab": "ellipsis-vertical",

views/partials/icons.ejs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
   <symbol id="i-chev" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9 18 6-6-6-6" /></symbol>
   <symbol id="i-cols" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><rect width="18" height="18" x="3" y="3" rx="2" /><path d="M9 3v18" /><path d="M15 3v18" /></symbol>
   <symbol id="i-edit" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21.174 6.812a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z" /><path d="m15 5 4 4" /></symbol>
+  <symbol id="i-eye" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M2.062 12.348a1 1 0 0 1 0-.696 10.75 10.75 0 0 1 19.876 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 .696 10.75 10.75 0 0 1-19.876 0" /><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="3" /></symbol>
   <symbol id="i-globe" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10" /><path d="M12 2a14.5 14.5 0 0 0 0 20 14.5 14.5 0 0 0 0-20" /><path d="M2 12h20" /></symbol>
   <symbol id="i-grid" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><rect width="7" height="7" x="3" y="3" rx="1" /><rect width="7" height="7" x="14" y="3" rx="1" /><rect width="7" height="7" x="14" y="14" rx="1" /><rect width="7" height="7" x="3" y="14" rx="1" /></symbol>
   <symbol id="i-kebab" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1" /><circle cx="12" cy="5" r="1" /><circle cx="12" cy="19" r="1" /></symbol>