src/markdown/parse/inline-content.ts

@@ -16,18 +16,22 @@ type Bracket = { active: boolean; image: boolean; kind: 'open'; start: number }
 
 type Pairing = EmphasisPairing<Run>
 
-type Piece = Bracket | { kind: 'nodes'; nodes: AdfNode[] } | { canClose: boolean; canOpen: boolean; character: string; kind: 'run'; length: number }
+type Piece =
+  | Bracket
+  | { alt: string; kind: 'image'; node: AdfNode }
+  | { kind: 'nodes'; nodes: AdfNode[] }
+  | { canClose: boolean; canOpen: boolean; character: string; kind: 'run'; length: number }
 
 type Run = { canClose: boolean; canOpen: boolean; character: string; index: number; length: number }
 
-type Scan = { definitions: LinkDefinitions; image: AdfNode | undefined; path: ConvertErrorPath; pending: string; pieces: Piece[]; source: string }
+type Scan = { definitions: LinkDefinitions; path: ConvertErrorPath; pending: string; pieces: Piece[]; source: string }
 
 const hardBreakSpaces = / {2,}$/
 const imageAlone = 'an image fits only as a paragraph of its own'
 const trailingSpace = /[ \t]+$/
 
 export function parseInlineContent(source: string, definitions: LinkDefinitions, path: ConvertErrorPath): Result<InlineContent> {
-  const scan: Scan = { definitions, image: undefined, path, pending: '', pieces: [], source }
+  const scan: Scan = { definitions, path, pending: '', pieces: [], source }
   let index = 0
   while (index < source.length) {
     switch (source.charAt(index)) {
@@ -138,18 +142,20 @@ function pushNode(scan: Scan, node: AdfNode): void {
 }
 
 function assemble(scan: Scan): Result<InlineContent> {
-  if (scan.image !== undefined) {
-    if (scan.pieces.length > 0) return failure('unmappable-image', imageAlone, scan.path)
-    return success({ image: scan.image })
-  }
+  const only = scan.pieces[0]
+  if (scan.pieces.length === 1 && only?.kind === 'image') return success({ image: only.node })
+  if (holdsImage(scan.pieces)) return failure('unmappable-image', imageAlone, scan.path)
   return success({ nodes: resolveNodes(scan.pieces) })
 }
 
+function holdsImage(pieces: readonly Piece[]): boolean {
+  return pieces.some((piece) => piece.kind === 'image')
+}
+
 function readDelimiterRun(scan: Scan, index: number): number {
   const character = scan.source.charAt(index)
   const length = runLength(scan.source, index)
   const flags = delimiterFlags(character, scan.source.charAt(index - 1), scan.source.charAt(index + length))
-  // spec/flavour.md: strike is exactly two tildes.
   if ((character === '~' && length !== 2) || (!flags.canOpen && !flags.canClose)) scan.pending += scan.source.slice(index, index + length)
   else {
     flush(scan, false)
@@ -175,16 +181,16 @@ function closeBracket(scan: Scan, index: number): Result<number> {
   const open = lastBracket(scan.pieces)
   if (open === undefined) return success(literalClose(scan, index))
   const target = open.bracket.active ? resolveTarget(scan, open.bracket, index) : undefined
-  if (target === undefined) {
-    scan.pieces[open.index] = { kind: 'nodes', nodes: bracketNodes(open.bracket) }
-    return success(literalClose(scan, index))
-  }
-  const inner = scan.pieces.splice(open.index).slice(1)
+  if (target === undefined) return success(unopened(scan, open, index))
+  const inner = scan.pieces.slice(open.index + 1)
   if (open.bracket.image) {
-    const built = buildImage(scan, inner, target.definition)
-    if (!built.ok) return built
-  } else buildLink(scan, inner, target.definition)
+    const closed = closeImage(scan, open.index, inner, target.definition)
+    if (!closed.ok) return closed
     return success(index + 1 + target.length)
+  }
+  const closed = closeLink(scan, open.index, inner, target.definition)
+  if (!closed.ok) return closed
+  return success(closed.value ? index + 1 + target.length : unopened(scan, open, index))
 }
 
 function literalClose(scan: Scan, index: number): number {
@@ -192,6 +198,11 @@ function literalClose(scan: Scan, index: number): number {
   return index + 1
 }
 
+function unopened(scan: Scan, open: { bracket: Bracket; index: number }, index: number): number {
+  scan.pieces[open.index] = { kind: 'nodes', nodes: bracketNodes(open.bracket) }
+  return literalClose(scan, index)
+}
+
 function bracketNodes(bracket: Bracket): AdfNode[] {
   return [{ text: bracket.image ? '![' : '[', type: 'text' }]
 }
@@ -217,27 +228,37 @@ function resolveTarget(scan: Scan, bracket: Bracket, index: number): { definitio
   return { definition, length: label?.length ?? 0 }
 }
 
-function buildLink(scan: Scan, inner: readonly Piece[], definition: LinkDefinition): void {
+// `false` where the link text is empty: the mark has no node to ride, so the brackets stay text.
+function closeLink(scan: Scan, at: number, inner: readonly Piece[], definition: LinkDefinition): Result<boolean> {
+  if (holdsImage(inner)) return failure('unmappable-image', imageAlone, scan.path)
+  const nodes = resolveNodes(inner)
+  if (nodes.length === 0) return success(false)
   const attrs = definition.title === undefined ? { href: definition.destination } : { href: definition.destination, title: definition.title }
-  const nodes = applyMark(resolveNodes(inner), { attrs, type: 'link' })
-  // CommonMark: no link nests inside another.
-  for (const piece of scan.pieces) if (piece.kind === 'open') piece.active = false
-  scan.pieces.push({ kind: 'nodes', nodes })
+  scan.pieces.length = at
+  // CommonMark: no link nests inside another, though an image's description holds one.
+  for (const piece of scan.pieces) if (piece.kind === 'open' && !piece.image) piece.active = false
+  scan.pieces.push({ kind: 'nodes', nodes: applyMark(nodes, { attrs, type: 'link' }) })
+  return success(true)
 }
 
-function buildImage(scan: Scan, inner: readonly Piece[], definition: LinkDefinition): Result<null> {
+function closeImage(scan: Scan, at: number, inner: readonly Piece[], definition: LinkDefinition): Result<null> {
   if (definition.title !== undefined) return failure('unmappable-image', 'no media node carries a link title', scan.path)
-  if (scan.pieces.length > 0 || scan.image !== undefined) return failure('unmappable-image', imageAlone, scan.path)
-  const alt = resolveNodes(inner)
-    .map((node) => node.text ?? '')
-    .join('')
+  const alt = imageAlt(inner)
   const attrs = alt === '' ? { type: 'external', url: definition.destination } : { alt, type: 'external', url: definition.destination }
-  scan.image = { attrs: { layout: 'center' }, content: [{ attrs, type: 'media' }], type: 'mediaSingle' }
+  scan.pieces.length = at
+  scan.pieces.push({ alt, kind: 'image', node: { attrs: { layout: 'center' }, content: [{ attrs, type: 'media' }], type: 'mediaSingle' } })
   return success(null)
 }
 
+// spec/flavour.md: the description's plain-text content, where a break of either kind reads as a space.
+function imageAlt(inner: readonly Piece[]): string {
+  return resolveNodes(inner)
+    .map((node) => (node.type === 'hardBreak' ? ' ' : (node.text ?? '')))
+    .join('')
+}
+
 function resolveNodes(pieces: readonly Piece[]): AdfNode[] {
-  const nodes = pieces.map((piece) => (piece.kind === 'nodes' ? piece.nodes : piece.kind === 'open' ? bracketNodes(piece) : []))
+  const nodes = pieces.map(pieceNodes)
   const runs = delimiterRuns(pieces)
   const pairings = matchEmphasis(runs)
   writeUnpaired(nodes, runs, pairings)
@@ -245,6 +266,14 @@ function resolveNodes(pieces: readonly Piece[]): AdfNode[] {
   return mergeAdjacentText(nodes.flat())
 }
 
+// Only `imageAlt` reaches the image arm: everywhere else an image amid other content is refused first.
+function pieceNodes(piece: Piece): AdfNode[] {
+  if (piece.kind === 'nodes') return piece.nodes
+  if (piece.kind === 'open') return bracketNodes(piece)
+  if (piece.kind === 'image') return piece.alt === '' ? [] : [{ text: piece.alt, type: 'text' }]
+  return []
+}
+
 function delimiterRuns(pieces: readonly Piece[]): Run[] {
   const runs: Run[] = []
   for (const [index, piece] of pieces.entries()) {

src/markdown/parse/markdown-to-adf.test.ts

@@ -443,6 +443,22 @@ test('reads a lone image as the media the flavour spells for it', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('- ![a](/u)\n')), [bulletList(item(image('/u', 'a')))])
 })
 
+test('flattens the description of a lone image to the plain text alt holds', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('![a [b](/u) c](/v)\n')), [image('/v', 'a b c')])
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('![a ![b](/c) d](/e)\n')), [image('/e', 'a b d')])
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('![a\nb](/u)\n')), [image('/u', 'a b')])
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('![a  \nb](/u)\n')), [image('/u', 'a b')])
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('![a `b`](/u)\n')), [image('/u', 'a b')])
+})
+
+test('leaves the brackets of an empty link text the text they are', () => {
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('[](/u)\n')), [paragraph('[](/u)')])
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('a [](/u) b\n')), [paragraph('a [](/u) b')])
+  // The pair gives the label back the way an unresolved one does, so the shortcut behind it still reads.
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('[][r]\n\n[r]: /u\n')), [{ content: [text('[]'), marked('r', link('/u'))], type: 'paragraph' }])
+  assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('![](/u)\n')), [image('/u')])
+})
+
 test('refuses the image no ADF node carries where it sits', () => {
   assert.equal(content(markdownToAdf('![a](/u "t")\n')), 'unmappable-image: no media node carries a link title')
   assert.equal(content(markdownToAdf('See ![a](/u).\n')), 'unmappable-image: an image fits only as a paragraph of its own')
@@ -450,6 +466,7 @@ test('refuses the image no ADF node carries where it sits', () => {
   assert.equal(code(markdownToAdf('*![a](/u)*\n')), 'unmappable-image')
   assert.equal(code(markdownToAdf('[![a](/u)](/v)\n')), 'unmappable-image')
   assert.equal(code(markdownToAdf('![a](/u)![b](/v)\n')), 'unmappable-image')
+  assert.equal(code(markdownToAdf('![a ![b](/c) d\n')), 'unmappable-image')
   assert.deepEqual(path(markdownToAdf('Part.\n\nSee ![a](/u).\n')), ['content', 1])
   assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('![a]\n')), [paragraph('![a]')])
   assert.deepEqual(content(markdownToAdf('a ! b\n')), [paragraph('a ! b')])

todo.md

@@ -260,6 +260,14 @@ detail is settled at its own milestone.
         no ADF node carries. And the CommonMark image shape lands here rather than at 3h: once
         `[…](…)` reads, a lone `![alt](url)` would otherwise misparse as text plus a link, so 3h
         keeps the rest of the media family and loses only that line.
+        **Settled** (the maintainer, 2026-08-31, on the review): an empty link text — `[](/u)` —
+        leaves the brackets the text they are rather than minting a refusal or dropping the
+        destination, giving the label back the way an unresolved pair does, so the shortcut behind
+        `[][r]` still reads. A description holding an image flattens to that image's own alt, which
+        is what alt text means and what keeps the documented gap to mid-text and titled images; a
+        break of either kind inside one reads as a space. And a destination or title whose entity
+        reference decodes to a control character — `[a](/x
y)` — joins 3k's exception list
+        beside the two above: the reader takes cmark's reading, the emitter has no spelling for it.
   - [ ] **3f — The directive grammar.** The three forms — inline `:name[content]{attrs}`,
         container `:::name arg {attrs}`, leaf `::name arg {attrs}` — the attribute grammar with
         its quoting and escapes, the fence-length and nesting rules, and the malformed list